- 相关推荐
分析结构 上下结合 判断时态
高考英语动词时态的判断年年都考，许多同学总是判断不准确，每次都出错。英语句子表达动作发生的时间或状态非常详细，在这一点上，汉语句子就相形见绌。这一点也是我们中国学生学习英语时觉得困难的原因。其实，在做时态判断时，只要依据英语时态定义，根据动作发生的时间，把握上下文，结合句中时间状语的提示，仔细分析比照，就能准确判断出该句的时态。经常考而且经常用的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时等。现将这几种时态的定义、结构和判断方法加以区别和总结。
一、 一般现在时
谓语的结构是：主语是单数第三人称、不可数名词或单数意义的其它名词性短语时，谓语动词用单三形式（即实意动词加s或es，系动词be用is）；主语是其它形式时，谓语动词用原形。否定形式：实意动词在谓语动词前加助动词do或does的否定形式，即don`t / doesn`t；系动词则直接在其后加否定副词not。
⒈ 表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性动作。常用的时间状语有：sometimes, at times, always, usually, often, seldom, every +时间名词, in the morning, on Monday等。如：
He often gets up late in the morning.
⒉ 表示客观事实或普遍真理。如：
The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.
⒊ 表示按计划或时刻表将要进行的动作或存在的状态。如：
The plane leaves at 8:00 in the morning. But it often delays because of sandstorms.
此类句子常用be, leave, come, arrive, start, begin, go, reach, return, meet, end, stay等动词。
⒋ 用在含有时间和条件状语从句的复合句中：主句和从句都表示将来动作时，主句用将来时，从句常用一般现在时（或现在完成时）表示将来。如：
I will tell him if I see him.
⒌ 在含有宾语从句的复合句中，当宾语从句表达的内容是客观真理时，从句用一般现在时。如：
He knew from an early age that apples fall down to the earth, but he did not know why.
二、 一般过去式
谓语结构为：1. 实意动词用其过去式。2. 系动词be，当主语是单数第三人称或单数第一人称以及不可数名词时用was，其它主语用were。3. 当表示“过去经常”时，用“used to+动词原形”或“would+动词原形”。否定形式：1. 实意动词在其前加助动词did not。2. 系动词在其后加not。3. would 后加not；used to的否定形式有两种：did not use to或used not to。
1. 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。常用的时间状语有：yesterday, just now, 一段时间加 ago, last加时间名词, in 1990, this morning, when以及其它连接词引导的（表示过去动作的）时间状语（或从句）。如：
It rained heavily yesterday.
The story happened in the autumn in 2000.
2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作，可与often, usually, seldom等频度副词连用，或用used to+动词原形或 would+动词原形。如：
Mr. Li often went to the cinema.
He used to smoke a lot, but now he does not.
3. 在含有时间或条件状语从句的复合句中，主从句都表示过去将来动作时，从句常用一般过去时表示将来。如：
They said that they would not leave until she came back.
4. 用在一些含有虚拟语气的固定句型中。
（1）It is (high) time (that) sb did sth.如：
It is high time you went to school (or you should go to school).
（2）wish 后接宾语从句中，与现在事实相反，谓语动词用were或过去式（与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”；与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would/ could/ might+动词原形”）。如：
I wish that I were a bird.
She wishes that she had a brother.
（3）If only sb did sth.如：
If only I had a better memory.
（4）含有条件状语从句的复合句中，与现在或将来事实相反时，从句谓语动词（可）用一般过去式，主句谓语动词用“would / could / should / might +动词原形”。 如：
If I were you, I would say sorry to her at once.
If he had time, he should attend your party.
三、 现在进行时
谓语结构：助动词am / is / are +动词的现在分词。否定形式：在助动词后加not。
1. 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。常含有时间状语now，或有上文提示，如“Look!” “Listen!”等。如：
Look! Some old men are chatting under the tree.
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作（尽管此时此刻该动作并未进行）。如：
How are you getting on with your work these days?
3. 一些表示移动性动词如go, come, leave, arrive, return, start, fly, have, stay等可用现在进行时态代替一般将来时，表示按计划或安排最近要进行的动作。如：
He is flying to Shanghai tomorrow.
4. 现在进行时与always, constantly, all the time, forever等连用，表示反复出现或习惯性动作，表达说话者不满、讨厌、遗憾或惊讶等情绪。如：
He is thinking of himself all the time.
The girl is always smiling happily.
四、过去进行时
谓语结构：助动词was / were + 动词的现在分词。否定形式：在助动词后加not。
1. 表示过去某一时刻正在进行或某一段时间内一直在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间由时间状语this time yesterday / last night / all day yesterday等提示。如：
What was she doing this time last week?
这一过去的时间也可由上下文提示。如：
—Ouch! You hurt me!
—Sorry! I did not mean it. I was catching the cat.
2. 含有时间状语从句的复合句中提示动作正在进行。在复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一动作用一般过去时；如果两个延续性动作在过去某一时刻同时进行，而不考虑动作的先后长短，那么主从句的谓语动词都用过去进行时。如：
I was walking in the street when an accident happened.
He was watching TV in the sitting-room while his mother was cooking in the kitchen.
3. 表示过去反复或经常性动作，常与always, constantly, forever等副词连用，表达说话者不满、厌烦、惊讶等情绪。
如：
She was always complaining about something. 五、现在完成时
谓语结构：助动词have / has +动词的过去分词。否定形式：在助动词后加not。
1. 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。谓语动词常为非延续性动词如buy, borrow, come, leave, give, go, start, lend, see, tell, read, visit, say, ask, finish, arrive, get等，句中常用副词already, ever, once, just, never, yet, twice等。如：
He has already bought a lot of fresh vegetables for the Spring Festival.
They have not arrived in Shanghai yet.
因为此类动词不延续，所以肯定句中不能用for或since引导的时间状语。例如：要表达“我借钱给你已经两年了”，可转换为：“You have kept my money for two years.”否定句不受限制，如：I have not seen you for ages / since we met last time.
2. 表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。用延续性动词如be, stay, work, study, live, stand, sit, lie, exist, keep, have等，常用表示一段时间的时间状语，如：for a long time, since last year, in the last ten years, during the past thirty years等，以及表示到目前为止的时间状语，如：so far, till now, up to now, by now等。如：
There have been great changes in China since 1980.
Up to now，the program have saved thousands of children who would otherwise have died.（NMET 2010 山东）
3. have / has been表示“曾到过”，说明以往的经历，常与副词once, twice, ever等连用。而have / has gone则表示“已去了”，说明主语不在现场。如：
They have been to China twice.
They have gone to Shanghai. They are not here now.
4. 用于句型It is the first / second /…time (that) sb have done sth.如：
It is the first time I have climbed Mount Tai.
六、过去完成时
谓语结构：助动词had+ 动词的过去分词。否定式：在had后加not。
1. 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作。这一过去的时间常由by then, before+过去的时间名词或由when, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句表现。如：
They had finished the project by the end of last month.
When I got there, the plane had taken off.
It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. （NMET2010北京）
2. 表示由过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。如：
The Whites had stayed in China for three years by then.
3. 用在表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中，结构为：If … had done…, …should / would / could / might have done…如：
If he had followed my advice, he would not have lost his job. (NMET2010湖南)
4. 用在句型It was the first / second / …last time that …had done…中。如：
It was the last time they had met.
七、一般将来时
谓语结构：1. will / shall+ 动词原形；2. am / is / are going to+ 动词原形；3. am / is / are+ about to +动词原形；4. be to do.
1. “will+ 动词原形”常表示单纯的将来，用表示将来的时间状语如tomorrow, next+ 时间名词等。主语为第一人称的陈述句常表达主语的决心或意愿，疑问句中用shall表示询问或征求意见。而shall用于主语为第二、三人称的陈述句表示允诺或威胁。如：
They will come to China next month.
Shall I leave now?
You shall have the job.
He shall go to prison.
2. “be going to”：人用作主语表示打算做某事；物用作主语表示有迹象将要发生什么。如：
We are going to have a meeting and discuss it.
Look. It is going to rain.
3. “be about to+ 动词原形”：表示即将发生什么事，不跟将来的具体的时间状语。如：
The train is about to leave. Hurry up.
4. be to do:（某人）按计划、安排要做某事，或注定要发生某事。如：
We are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
5. 含有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句时态搭配看“一般现在时”；移动性动词的一般将来时看“现在进行时”。
八、过去将来时
谓语结构：1. should / would+ 动词原形；2. was / were going to+ 动词原形；3. was / were about to+ 动词原形；4. was / were to+ 动词原形
1. should / would+ 动词原形：表示从过去某一时间看将要发生某事。主语为第一人称时用should或would，其余都用would。常用在宾语从句中。如：
He said he would go to Beijing the next week.
2. was / were going to+ 动词原形：打算做某事，或有迹象要发生。如：
When he got there, he found that the bridge was going to fall.
3. was / were about to do：即将发生，常构成句型：…was / were about to do…when…did…如：
Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(NMET全国Ⅱ)
4. was / were to do：按计划发生，或注定要发生。如：
The headmaster said they were to start at 7 in the morning.
九、现在完成进行时
谓语结构：have / has been+ 动词的现在分词。句中常用for或since引导的表示一段时间的状语。如：
They have been playing football in the rain for an hour.
I have been waiting for you the whole morning.
在做时态判断题时，既要注意句中的时间状语，又要从全句或上下文考虑，还要结合所给的答案选项分析，“审时度势，稳定全局”，才能得出恰当的答案。多做多练，就会达到熟能生巧，得心应手，快速准确地做出答案。
【分析结构 上下结合 判断时态】相关文章：
城市社区组织结构分析探索08-22
谈高速公路机电系统结构与功能分析08-16
高校管理学科人才培养结构分析06-09
浅析水电站计算机监控系统网络结构分析08-10
基于有限元分析工程机械结构问题思考论文05-04
基于有限元分析工程机械结构问题的探讨论文05-07
医疗损害责任构成要件的具体判断08-23
开题报告的结构与写法11-10