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2010全国职称英语考试真题
第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1.I can't put up with my neighbor's noise any longer，it'S driving me mad.
A.tolerate B.generate C.reduce D.mensure
2.Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone.
A.equal B.immediate C.moderate D.great
3.He was rather vague about the reasons why he never finished school.
A.bright B.unclear C.general D.bad
4.I want to provide my boys with a decent education.
A.special B.private C.general D.good
5.Sleep stairs can present a particular hazard to older people.
A.picture B.danger C.evidence D.case
6.Our arrangements were thrown into complete turmoil.
A.doubt B.relief C.failure D.confusion
7.Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment.
A.love B.surprise C.anger D.doubt
8.Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day.
A.energetic B.free C.physical D.regular
9.I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues.
A.boring B.original C.humorous D.long
10.Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth.
A.attract B.spend C.encourage D.require
11.He demolished my argument in minutes.
A.supported B.disproved C.disputed D.accepted
12.The two banks have announced plans to merge next year.
A.close B.sell C.break D.combine
13.Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners.
A.polite B.usual C.bad D.similar
14.The project required ten years of diligent research.
A.hardworking B.social C.basic D.scientific
15.He was kept in appalling conditions in prison.
A.necessary B.terrible C.critical D.normal
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power
Energy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality，now that California has given the green light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatt (兆瓦)of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016.But some major chal lenges will have to be overcomed if the technology is to be used widely.
A start-up company called Solaren is designing the satellites，which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth.
The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in eosynchronous(与地球同步的)orbit.Earth-based solar cells，by contrast，can only collect sun.
Light during daytime and when skies are clear.
But space-based solar power must grapple(努力克服)with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space，says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette，Indiana， "If you're talking about it being economically viable or power of the Earth，it's a tough go."he says.
Cal Boerman，Solaren's director of energy services，says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down."We knew we had to come up with a different，revolu-tionary design，"he says.A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the system'Sweight，including using inflatable minors to focus sunlight on solar cells，so a smaller number cancollect the same amount of energy.
But using minors introduces other chaHenges，including keeping the solar cells from overhea-ting，says Schwartz."You have to take care of heat dissipation(散发)because you're now concen-trating a lot of energy in one place，"he says.According to the company's patent，Solaren's solarcells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool.
Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work，it is notexpecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy.Laws in California and other states requireincreasing use of renewable energy in coming years，he points out."To meet those needs，we're go-ing to need all types of renewable energy sources，"he says.
16.Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
17.Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
18.Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
19.One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
20.Inflatable minors are used to reduce the space-based solar power system.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
21.Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy sources.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
22.Many countries will grant permission for the use of spaced-based solar power soon.
A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：
(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题;
(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Natural Gas
1 Natural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earth's surface.It is a fossil fuel
(矿物质燃料)，meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of yearsago.The main component of natural gas is methane(甲烷).
2 The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure(基础设施)has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential，commercial and industrial customers worldwide.Today，natural gas serviceis available in all 50 states in the U.S.，and is the leading energy choice for fueling Americanhomes and idustries。More than 65 million American homes use natural gas.In fact，natural gas isthe most economical source for home energy needs，costing one-third as much as electricity.In addi-tion to heating homes，much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manu-facture a wide variety of products，from paint，to fibers for clothing，to plastics for heahhcare，con-puting and furnishings.Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electricity-generating power plants.
3 Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available.It emits less pollution than oth-er fossil fuel sources.When natural gas is burned，it produces mostly carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) and water vapor-the same substances emitted when humans exhale.Compared with some other fos-sil fuels，natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted(燃烧)， making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of a11.
4 The United States consumes about one-third of the world'S natural gas output，making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world.The U.S.Department of Energy'S Energy Information Ad-ministration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025.
5 There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earth's surface.The largest reserves of natural gas can be found in Russia，West and North Africa and the Middle East.LNG(液化天然气)has been produced domestically and imported in the United States for more than four decades.
Today，the leading importes of LNG are Japan，Korea，France and Spain.
23.Paragraph 2_________. 24.Paragraph 3________.
25.Paragraph 4_________. 26.Paragraph 5________.
A.Popularity and use of natural gas
B.Natural gas reserves and supply
C.Natural gas prices D.Clean fuel of choice
E.Disadvantages of natural gas
F.Natural gas consumption
27.Natural gas is stored deep________.
28.Natural gas is recognized as the most economical energy source_________.
29.When manufacturing many products，people commonly use natural gas____________.
30.It is estimated that by 2025 that natural gas demand in the United States will increase_________.
A.over the past 50 years
B.beneath the earth surface
C.by more than 50 percent
D.for more than four decades
E.as a raw material
F.for home energy needs
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第4部分：阅读理解(第3l～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容,为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇
How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence
How the first stars formed from this dust and gas has been a burning question for years，but a state-of-the-art computer simulation now offers the most detailed picture yet of how these first stars in the universe came into existence，researchers say.
The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today，and the physics that governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler.Dr.Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the U.S.incorporated these conditions of the early universe，sometimes referred to as the "cosmic dark ages，"to simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness.
The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar-the early stage of a massive primordial star of our universe，and the researchers'computer simulation，which has been called a "cosmic Rosetta Stone."sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process.The question of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explo-sions provided the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being.
According to their simulation，gravity acted on minute density variations in matter，gases，and the mysterious"dark matter''of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star-a protostar with a mass of just one percent of our sun.The simulation reveals how pre-stellar gases would have actually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar.
Dr.Yoshida's simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capableof synthesizing heavy elements，not just in later generations of stars，but soon after the Big Bang.
"This geneal picture of star formation，and the ability to compare how stellar objects form in different time periods and regions of the universe，will eventually allow investigation into the originsof life and planets，"said Lars Hernquist，a Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University and a coauthor of this latest report."The abundance of elements in the universe has increased as stars haveaccumulated，"he says，"and the formation and destruction of stars continues to spread these ele. ments further across the universe.So when you think about it.a11 of the elements in our bodies originally formed from nuclear reactions in the centers of stars，long ago."
Their simulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward theambitious goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the massand properties of these first stars of the universe.More powerful computers，more physical data，andan even larger range will be needed for further calculations and simulations，but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simulation to the point of nuclear reaction in.itiation-when a stellar ob. ject becomes a true star.
"Dr.Yoshida has taken the study of primordial star formation to a new level with this simulation，but it still gets us only to the halfway point towards our final goal.It is like laying the foundation of a skyscraper，"said Volker Bromm，Assistant Professor of Astronomy at the University of Tex. as，Austin and the author of a companion article."We must continue our studies in this area to un-derstand how the initially tiny protostar grows，layer by layer，to eventually form a massive star.Buthere，the physics become much more complicated and even more computational resources are needed."
31.According to the first two paragraphs，the early universe_______.
A.was governed by simpler physics
B.got fewer stars shinning in it
C.started over 13 billion years ago
D.was composed in a way similar to that of today
32.What can the state-of-the.art computer simulation tell us about?
A.How the Big Bang occurred about 13 billion years ago.
B.How"cosmic dark ages"came into existence.
C.How dust grains and gases were formed after the Big Bang.
D.How the first stars canle into being after the Big Bang.
33.What does the"astronomical object"in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.cosmic dark ages. B.dust grains and gases.
C.a protostar. D.the early universe.
34.According to paragraph 4，what is NOT true about a protostar?
A.It developed into a massive star during the Big Bang.
B.It evolved from pre-stellar gases.
C.It was able to integrate heavy elements when evolving into a massive star.
D.It had a mass of one percent of the sun.
35.According to the last paragraph，all of the following are goals of the simulation project EXCEPT
A.to know more about the mass and properties of the first stars of the universe
B.to simulate the process of how the early universe began
C.to apply the simulation to the study of nuclear reaction initiation
D.to discover the truth about the formation of a protostar
第二篇
The Iceman
On a September,day in 1991，two Germans were climbing the mountain between Austra and Ita. 1y.High up on a mountain pass，they found the body of a man lying on the ice.At that height (10，499 feet，or 3，200 meters)，the ice is usually permanent，but 1991 had been an especially
warm year.The mountain ice had melted more than iust usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward.The skeleton(骨架)was in perfect condition except a wound on the head.remains of some clothes.The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots.Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮)and a holder for arrows.
Who was the man?How and when had he died?Everybody had a different answer to these questions.Some people thought that it was from this century，perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I，since several soldiers had already been found in this area.A Swiss woman who believed it might be her father，who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found.The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older，maybe even a thousand years old.
With modem dating techniques，the scientists soon learned that the iceman was about 5，300 years old.Born in about 3300 B.C.，he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe.At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains.More recent evidence，however，tells a different story.A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder.It left only a tiny hole in his skin，but it caused internal damage and bleeding.He almost certainly died from this wound，and not from the wound oil the back of his head.This means that he was probably in some kind of battle.It may have been part oi a large war，or he may have beenfightiing bandits.He may even have been a bandit himself.
By studying his clothes and tools，scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in.we may never know the full story of how he died，but he has given usimportant clues to the history of those distant times.
36.The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because_________.
A.he was lying on the ice
B.two Germans were climbing mountains
C.the melted ice made him visible
D.he was just on a mountain pass
37.What can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A.The iceman was killed while working.
B.The iceman could have died from the wound in the head.
C.The iceman lived a poor life.
D.The iceman was struck dead from behind.
38.All the following are assumptions once made about iceman EXCEPT_____________.
A.he was a soldier in World War I
B.he came from Italy
C.he was a Swiss woman's long-lost father
D.He was born about a thousand years ago
39.The scientists made the deduction that the iceman_________.
A.was hit in the shoulder by an arrowhead
B.was probably in some kind of a battle
C.had got a wound on the back of his head
D.has a tiny hole in his skin causing his death.
40.The word"bandits"in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by________.
A.robbers B.soldiers C hunters D.shooters
第三篇
Scientists Make Sweet Discovering
Good news for chocoholics：the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you， according to American researchers at the University of California.Chocolate contains substancescalled flavonoids that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation.The researchers havediscovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins in the body：these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy.
The Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans，in about1500 BC，and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened coca hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe.
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In 1544，a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift.Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal.The Spanish were the first to add sugarto their cocoa drink.
By the middle of the century，solid chocolate was becoming familiar.In 1765，James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States，introducing chocolate to the average citizen.In 1896，in Switzerland，Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate-making process and produced the first milk chocolate.
Since then，chocolate has grown enormously in popularity.One of the biggest chocolate-eatingnations is Britain where the average man，women，and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year.Infact，chocolate is the number one comfort food and there are more chocoholics in Britain than any where else in the world.Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you，it should be eatenin small quantities and with no added milk.
41.Why is chocolate good for heaa and circulation?
A.It reduces pain and stress.
B.It containS substances called flavonoids.
C.It releases endorphins in human body.
D.It acts like aspirin to protect heart.
42.When cocoa was first introduced to Europe_________，it soon became fashionable.
A.as a drink B.as a gift C.as food D.as a medicine
43.What does James Bakers and John Hanan do about chocolate?
A.They produce the first mild chocolate.
B.They introduce chocolate to Europe.
C.They add sugar to make chocolate bars.
D.They make chocolate accessible to average man.
44.Which is the following statement is not true according to the passage?
A.Chocolate contains substances that make people feel happy.
B.Chocolate is good for health if it is eaten with added milk.
C.Eating chocolate occasionally contributes to a healthy diet.
D.Chocolate is loved by millions of people worldwide.
45.What iS the author's tone about eating chocolates?
A.ambiguous B.negative
C.positive D.humorous
第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
I Just Know How You Feel
Do you feel sad?Happy?Frustrated?Insouciant?Exonerated?Infuriated?Do you think that the way you display these emotions is unique?Well，think again.Even the expression of the most personal feelings CaB be divided into groups，classified，and perhaps，taught.This week sees the publication of Mind Reading，an interactive DVD-rom displaying every possible human emotion.It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel：the first visual dictionary of the human heart.
The attempt to classify the human heart began with Darwin.His The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals，published in 1872，divided the emotions into six types-anger，fear，sadness， disgust，surprise and enjoyment.________(46).
Every other feeling，of which there may be thousands，was thought to derive from this six-strong group.More complex expressions of emotion were likely to be learned and therefore more specific to each culture.An incredulous or indignant Pacific islander might not be able to show an Essex girl exactly how she felt.
But now it is believed that，whereas gestures do not cross cultural boundaries well，many more facial expressions than Darwin's half-dozen are shared worldwide.___________(47).The Mind Reading is a systematic record of each of these expressions being acted out.
The project was conceived by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen of the autism research centre in Cambridge as an aid for people with autism，who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotion.But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses.Novelists，actors and portrait painters all need to draw upon a wide range of emotional expression，and teachers could use it for classes in personal and social development.
Baron-Cohen's team first had to decide what counted as an emotion.________(48).Using thisdefinition，1，512 emotion terms were identified and put to a panel who had to decide if each repre. sented a separate emotion，or if they were synonyms.That list was whittled down to 412，arranged in24 groups.from"afraid"to"wanting".
Once the emotions were classified.a DVD seemed the most efficient way to display them.In Mind Reading，each expressions is acted out-six times，by six different actors-in three seconds.
_______(49).The explanation for this is simple：we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words，but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someone's face."It was really clear when the actors had got it right，"says Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD.
BUt though we find it difficult to describe many emotions，we instantly recognize one when we see one."Even when the actors were strnggling to get an emotion，there was a split second when it was absolutely there.It was really clear when they'd got it，"Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD. "Although the actors were given some direction，they were not told which facial muscle they should move."She added__________(50)For example，when someone feels contempt，you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down.
Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American Professor Paul Ekman.who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion.The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called"action units".These can be combined into more than 10.000 visible facial shapes.Ekman has written out a paper of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.
A.We thought of trying to describe each emotion but it would have been almost impossible tomake clear rules for this
B.These particular muscles aye difficult to control，and few people can do it.
C.Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read the emotional expressions.
D.They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by"I feel"or"he looks"or "she sounds".
E.He said that the expression of theses feelings aye universal and recognizable by anyone，from any culture.
F.Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，would have been far less efiective.
第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity
Not a plant to be seen，the desert ground is too dry.But the air contains water，and research scientists have found a_________(51)of obtaining drinking water from air humidity.The system isbased completely on renewable energy and is therefore autonomous.
Cracks permeate the dried-out desert ground and the landscape bears testimony to the lack of water.But even here，where there are no lakes，rivers or groundwater，considerable quantities of water are stored in the air.In the Negev desert in Israel，for example，annual average relative air hu-midity is 64 percent-in every cubic meter of air there aye 11.5 milliliters of water.
German research scientists have found a way of converting this air humidity autonomously intodrinkable water."The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources_______(52)thermal solar collectors and photovoltaic ceils，_________(53)makes this methodcompletely energy-autonomous.It will_______(54)function in regions where there is no electricalinfrastructure."says Siegfried Egner，head of the research team.The principle of the_______ (55)is as follows：hygroscopic brine-saline solution which absorbs moistureruns down a tower-shapedunit and absorbs water from the air.It is then sucked_________(56)a tank a few meters off the ground in which a vacuum prevails.Energy from solar collectors_________(57)up the brine，whichis diluted by the water it has________(58).
Because of the vacuum，the boiling point of the liquid is lower thaa it would be under_____ (59)atmospheric pressure.This effect is known from the mountains：as the atmospheric pressure there is lower than in the valley，water boils at temperatures distinctly below 100~C.The evaporated， non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner.The gravity of this water column_________(60)produces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed.The reconcentrated brine________(61)down the tower surface again to absorb moisture from the air.
"The concept is suitable for various water_________(62).Single-person units and plants supplying water to entire hotels are conceivable，"says Egner.Prototypes have been built for______
(63)system components-air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation-and the research scientistshave Mready________(64)their interplay on a laboratory scale.In a further________(65)the researchers intend to develop a demonstration facility.
51.A.road B.channel C.way D.path
52.A.in spite of B.because of C.as a result of D.such as
53.A.who B.where C.when D.which
54.A.meanwhile B.therefore C.however D.still
55.A.prospect B.process C.progress D.product
56.A.from B.at C.above D.into
57.A.keeps B.brings C.breaks D.heats
58.A.attracted B.affected C.allowed D.absorbed
59.A.normal B.different C.easy D.available
60.A.continuously B.suddenly C.typically D.seriously
61.A.takes B.puts C.flies D.runs
62.A.users B.designers C.owner D.workers
63.A.both B.every C.same D.either
64.A.repaired B.cancelled C.tested D.copied
65.A.instrument B.step C.case D.ground
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