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职称英语考试《卫生类》语法考点
一、词类、句子成分和构词法:
(一)词类
英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1.名词(n.) 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.
2.代词(pron.) 主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it .
3.形容词(adj...)表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange .
4.数词(num.) 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.
5.动词(v.) 表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see .
6.副词(adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.
7.冠词(art...)用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.
8.介词(prep.) 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,behind.
9.连词(conj.) 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before .
10.感叹词(interj...)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.
(二)句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1.主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2.谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)
3.表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4.宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter .(他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .(他给我写了一封信)
二、名词:
(一)英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:
1.专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing,Tom,the People's Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the.如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)
2.普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil,family,man,foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box,child,orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water,news,oil,population,information .
(二)英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1.名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s.如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses,table→ tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes,box→boxes,hero→heroes,dish→dishes,bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s.如:photo→photos,piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es.如:family→families,city→cities,party→parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es.如:shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,life→lives,knife→knives.
2.不规则变化:man→men,woman→women,sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth,fish→fish,child→children,ox→oxen,goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice,a piece of paper→three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
(三)名词所有格:
1.名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's.如:Childern’s Day(儿童节),my sister's book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加'。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加's. 如:today’s newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutes' break(十分钟的课间休息),China’s population(中国的人口)
(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿)
2.[注解]:
① 's还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家),the doctor's(诊所)
② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B's 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)
③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father's(我父亲的一位朋友),a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
三、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
1.谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2.集体名词(如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,
① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图)
3.Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/ There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4.maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)
5.glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6.a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7.and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/ Fish and chips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8. there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9.用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10.主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11.either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/ Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12.表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离)(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13.主语中含有half of…/(three quarters)of…/ all(of) the …。等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/ A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/ All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数)/ Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人)(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
四、部分名词用法辨析:
1.sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/ The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/ Our school football team won the league match(联赛)(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/ They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2.festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/ Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/ What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3.journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)/ He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/ Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?)/ Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4.sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/ All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/ The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5.fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
五、其他形容词、代词等的用法:
(1)every和each用法:
every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念;
each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念;each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前
every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him /his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)/They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)
(2)either和neither的用法:
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如:I don't care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do.(我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行)/——Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去?一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)
(3)other、the other和another的用法:
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)/You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块?)/I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another.如: This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢?)/I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)
others与the others的主要区别:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)如:A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看)/Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)
(4)many和much的用法:
many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用;much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如:I don't have many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失)/We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many/much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如: There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人)/ They haven't got much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做)/There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。)
(5)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。)/Don't worry. There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。)/In that polar region there live few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人)/You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)
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