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阅读原文：
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
Questions 27-30
Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A—F.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B—E from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i—vii, in boxes 27—30 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Commercial pressures on people in charge
ii Mixed views on current changes to museums
iii Interpreting the facts to meet visitor expectations
iv The international dimension
v Collections of factual evidence
vi Fewer differences between public attractions
vii Current reviews and suggestions
Example Answer
Paragraph A v
27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
The Development of Museums
A. The conviction that historical relics provide infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when science was regarded as objective and value free. As one writer observes: ‘Although it is now evident that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles, public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic seems ipso facto real’. Such conviction was, until recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums used to look — and some still do — much like storage rooms of objects packed together in showcases: good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor, to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information accompanying the objects often made little sense to the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations dated back to a time when the museum was the exclusive domain of the scientific researcher.
B. Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the way it should be presented have altered. The key word in heritage display is now ‘experience’, the more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all the senses. Good examples of this approach in the UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London. In the US the trend emerged much earlier: Williamsburg has been a prototype for many heritage developments in other parts of the world. No one can predict where the process will end. On so-called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical events is increasingly popular, and computers will soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will present visitors with a vivid image of the period of their choice, in which they themselves can act as if part of the historical environment. Such developments have been criticized as an intolerable vulgarization, but the success of many historical theme parks and similar locations suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion.
C. In a related development, the sharp distinction between museum and heritage sites on the one hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually evaporating. They already borrow ideas and concepts from one another. For example, museums have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have accepted ‘theming’ as a relevant tool, and theme parks are moving towards more authenticity and research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as the jungle and desert environments in Burgers’ Zoo in Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of the major developments in the presentation of natural history in the twentieth century.
D. Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as they try to present more serious social and cultural issues, and move away from fantasy. This development is a response to market forces and, although museums and heritage sites have a special, rather distinct, role to fulfil, they are also operating in a very competitive environment, where visitors make choices on how and where to spend their free time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to invent stories and recreate historical environments to attract their visitors: their assets are already in place. However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts and facts as we know them, and attractively presented. Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history are thus in difficult position, as they must steer a narrow course between the demands of ‘evidence’ and ‘attractiveness’, especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities.
E. It could be claimed that in order to make everything in heritage more ‘real’, historical accuracy must be increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, because this corresponds to public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such presentations tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors. There is one compensation, however, for the professionals who make these interpretations: if they did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it for themselves, based on their own ideas, misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias than the presentations provided by experts.
F. Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves. The simple fact is that not everything from history survives the historical process. Castles, palaces and cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings of ordinary people. The same applies to the furnishing and other contents of the premises. In a town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth century was occupied by approximately the same number of inhabitants as today, people lived within the walled town, an area more than five times smaller than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several families lived together in circumstances beyond our imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of that era. No wonder that people who stroll around exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in museums indicates that life was so much better in past. This notion is induced by the bias in its representation in museums and heritage centres.
Questions 31—36
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.
31 Compared with today’s museums, those of the past.
A did not present history in a detailed way.
B were not primarily intended for the public.
C were more clearly organised.
D preserved items with greater care.
32 According to the writer, current trends in the heritage industry
A emphasise personal involvement.
B have their origins in York and London.
C rely on computer images.
D reflect minority tastes.
33 The writer says that museums, heritage sites and theme parks
A often work in close partnership.
B try to preserve separate identities.
C have similar exhibits.
D are less easy to distinguish than before.
34 The writer says that in preparing exhibits for museums, experts
A should pursue a single objective.
B have to do a certain amount of language translation.
C should be free from commercial constraints.
D have to balance conflicting priorities.
35 In paragraph E, the writer suggests that some museum exhibits
A fail to match visitor expectations.
B are based on the false assumptions of professionals.
C reveal more about present beliefs than about the past.
D allow visitors to make more use of their imagination.
36 The passage ends by noting that our view of history is biased because
A we fail to use our imagination.
B only very durable objects remain from the past.
C we tend to ignore things that displease us.
D museum exhibits focus too much on the local area.
Questions 37—40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37—40 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
37 Consumers prefer theme parks which avoid serious issues.
38 More people visit museums than theme parks.
39 The boundaries of Leyden have changed little since the seventeenth century.
40 Museums can give a false impression of how life used to be.
答案解析：
Question 27
答案： ii
关键词： Mixed views, current museums
定位原文：B段1、2句和B段最后一句
解题思路： B段从第三行开始就呈现例子，所以很容易确定这个段落是总分结构，因此前两 句就变得尤其重要了。题干中的current changes对应于原文中的...presented have altered。题干中的mixed views对应原文中的...suggests that the majority of the public does not share this opinion。因此正确答案为ii。
Question 28：
答案： vi
关键词： Fewer differences, public attractions
定位原文：C段1、2句
解题思路：首先在C段第三行看到For example就可以确定这个段落是总分段落，主题句就 在前两句。题干中的few differences, public attractions分别对应原文中的the sharp distinction...is gradually evaporating (显著差异正在渐渐消失)和...between museum and heritage sites...and theme parks (博物馆、名胜古迹与主题公园之间)。因此正确答案为vi。
Question 29：
答案： i
关键词： commercial pressures, people in charge
定位原文：D段最后一句
解题思路：题干中的 commercial pressures 对应原文中的 especially given the increasing need in the heritage industry for income-generating activities, 含义为“特别是考虑到历史遗 产产业对于创收活动不断增长的需求”。 题干中的people in charge对应原文中的 Those who are professionally engaged in the art of interpreting history，含义为“那 些专业从事诠释历史这门艺术的人”。因此正确答案为i。
Question 30：
答案： iii
关键词： Interpreting the facts, meet visitor expectations
定位原文：E段第1、2句
解题思路：首先在E段第二行看到For example就可以确定这个段落也是总分段落，主题句就在首句。但是这个段落主题句光读首句信息并不明显，需要结合例子。题干中的interpreting the facts对应原文中的例子 For example, Pithecanthropus erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with Malay facial features, 含义为“比如，印度 尼西亚的一家博物馆根据马来人的面部 特征来描绘直立猿人”。题干中的meet visitor expectations (满足参观者的期待)， 对应原文中 because this corresponds to public perceptions (因为这更符合公众的 认知)。因此正确答案为iii。
Question 31：
答案： B
关键词： museums, past
定位原文：A段第3句“Such conviction was, until…”
解题思路：这句话中的but not for the ordinary visitor对应选项B中的were not primarily intended for the public 。故正确答案为B。
Question 32：
答案： A
关键词： current trends, heritage industry
定位原文： B段1、2句“Recently，however, attitudes…”
解题思路： 其中第二句话对应选项A中的emphasise personal involvement。选项B和D都涉及细节问 题，但选项B本身就是错误的，选项D根本没提及。故正确答案为A。
Question 33：
答案： D
关键词： museums, heritage sites, theme parks
定位原文：C段1、2句“In a related development, the sharp distinction…”
解题思路：这句话中的the sharp distinction...is gradually evaporating就相当于选项D中的are less easy to distinguish than before。其余三个选项在原文都没提及。故正确答案为D。
Question 34：
答案： D
关键词： preparing exhibits for museums, experts
定位原文：D段倒数第1句“Those who are professionally…”
解题思路：这句话中的as they must steer a narrow course between...and...对应选项D中的have to balance conflicting priorities。选项A和B原文没提及，选项C提到了commercial, 但没有提到should be free from。故正确答案为D。
Question 35：
答案： C
关键词： In paragraph E, writer suggests
定位原文：E段第4句“Such presentations…”
解题思路：这句话中的 tell us more about contemporary perceptions of the world than about our ancestors对应选项C中的reveal more about present beliefs than about the past。一般遇到选项中带比较关系的都不是正确答案，但选项C正是这道题的答案，因为原文中也明确了这样的比较关系。
Question 36：
答案： B
关键词： our view, is biased, because
定位原文：F段前三句
解题思路：这句话中的but another source of bias in the representation of history has to do with the transitory nature of the materials themselves对应选项B中的only very durable objects remain from the past。其余三个选项原文中都没有提及，即可以用排除法筛选出正确选项;选项B中出现了only, 又可以从原文中提到的not everything from history中看出其 包含了 only的意思。故正确答案为B。
Question 37：
答案： FALSE
关键词：theme parks, Consumers prefer
定位原文：D段内容
解题思路：可根据定位词定位至D段段首。原文中说，主题公园也经历着转变，摆脱轻松的梦幻风 格，尝试着去呈现严肃的社会问题，而且这种发展是市场推动力的反应。说明这是消费者认可且接受的。而题干中说消费者更喜欢氛围轻松的主题公园，与原文陈述不一致。
Question 38：
答案： NOT GIVEN
关键词： museums, theme parks
定位原文：无
解题思路：根据TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN题型的顺序出题原则，此题考点应在37题考点之后、39 题考点之前，顺着上一题找下去，并未发现有提到参观博物馆的人要比参观主题公园的人多的地方。
Question 39：
答案： FALSE
关键词： Leyden, the seventeenth century
定位原文：F段第5句“In a town like Leyden…”
解题思路：本题根据定位词很容易定位至F段第5句，像荷兰的莱顿这样的小镇，17世纪的居民数量和现在大致相同。人们将小镇用城墙围起来，居住其中，该区域的面积比现代的莱顿要小5倍。可以明显看出原文中提到的an area more than five times smaller than modem Leyden与题干中的have changed little陈述不一致。
Question 40
答案： TRUE
关键词： Museums, impression
定位原文：F段第6句“In most of the houses…”
解题思路：大多数房间中都住着好几户人家，其生活环境超出我们的想象。但在博物馆中，上好的老房子仅展现了那个时代上流社会的生活。难怪参观展览的人会充满怀旧情绪;博物馆中的证据表明过去的生活比现在的好得多。这种理解正是由博物馆和历史遗产中心重现历史过程中的偏见所引起的。根据定位段落可以看出，明明当时生活艰苦，在博物馆里却只展现了上流社会的好房子，给人错误印象。与题干表述一致。
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