非语言交流—概述(一)

时间：2024-08-15 13:05:15 英语毕业论文我要投稿

相关推荐

非语言交流—概述(一)

中文摘要

非语言交流是一种基于交流或包含在词里自身之上的暗示信息。它是可以通过副语言 (如变声调可以改变话里的意思)、沉默（关键时候保持沉默，你有时可以得到他人展示肯定的感觉和被可能阻碍有效沟通的态度）、眼睛（如凝视某人可能是观察者觉得那人有吸引力的和有趣的，而发出一个邀请，更进一步去了解）、身体语言（如皱眉头可能表示疑问、竖耳朵可能表示惊讶，两腿交叉与不交叉可能代表紧张…）等方式将信息传送出去。
非语言交流与文化存在着紧密联系，了解非语言交流的同时也需了解不同的文化背景。一种有效的沟通需人们要正确的解译非语言交流。了解非语言信息易于显示真切，诚实，确信，能力，合格的存在的与不存在的程度，故非语言交流在人们生活中是重要的和必不可少的交流方式。

Key words: paralanguage inflection wrinkled brow
关键词：副语言变调皱眉头

中文译文
非语言交流—概述

1. 非语言交流是一种基于交流或包含在词里自身之上的暗示信息。
2. 超语言交流一般用于非口头表述过程的语言。Meta 是来源于希腊语，其意思是超越或增加，因此超语言交流是在交流之上的。任何能够被加进有关我们所说所做超出明显的内容时的解释称为超语言交流。
3. 在我们看到更多非语言交流的普遍方式之前，我们将简单地讨论它的两种方式。由于缺乏一个较好的措词，我们将叫这些为特别形式。你可能没有想到它们是非语言交流的形式，它们是副语言和沉默。
一、Paralanguage副语言
4. 你可能会听说某些人说过：“不是他说了什么，而是他所说的方式。”
5. 变调是能够影响到信息的作用，当我们用变了声调的话回答时，是能够完全改变一个人话里表达的意思的非语言方式。用变调或强调回答口头信息称为副语言。
6. 副语言听起来与语言自身正好是相反的。某些人可能会用‘早上好’向你问候，但他的语调除了是早上好外，其它什么都不是。当然，某些被完全传送出去的信息是通过手势和面部表情的非语言方式。Winston Curchill 的照片是在第二次世界大战期间拍摄的，相片中的他举起两个手指，成V字形的手势，向人们展示了他的勇敢。也许我们每个人都有通过挑眉或皱眉头这些受欢迎的方式来表达惊讶或疑问的经验。
7. 还有，当学校里的恶人用举起抓紧的拳头一步步向我们走来时，我们就也收到一个要赶紧跑的信息了。
二、Silence沉默
8. 沉默是一种重要的交流方式。
9. 我们中很多人发现一段延续的沉默期相当于是沉重的和紧迫的，于是我们会着急地想用语言来打破沉默，通常会比我们本意说的更多。
10. 关键时候保持沉默，你有时可以得到他人展示可能阻碍有效沟通的肯定的感觉和态度。我们发现在成功的交流中如何做是很重要的；我们通过反馈回来信息做。对促进反馈信息，沉默是一种有效的方法。我认为通过沉默控制非语言要素的最低限度。
三、Culture and communication 文化与交流
11. 韦伯斯特定义文化为“特别时期的典型特征或文明进步的区域。”或者是其它的定义：文化是人们想的，做的，生存的和交流的习俗。由于这篇文章是关于交流的，文化对于得出语言交流的定义是有帮助的或可取的。另一方面，文化是交流信息；这两者的关系非常紧密。
12. 文化是人与人之间交流产生的结果。同时，文化结果的形式，性质，组成是来自于人们的相互影响和他们所生活的地方和时间。“人们的相互影响”正是说明交流的另一种方式。一起生活，一起工作，相互联系都是交流。我们都是一直在交流或尝试去交流。
13. 在成功地交流中，联系是在文化和交流之间的意识，也是有益文化和重要时间之间的不同理解。
14. 可能最简单的方式去解释文化和它的关系，交流的说法，人们都是不同的。我们在不同的社会，环境和气候生活，工作和玩耍，且我们用不同的方式去适应这些。我们这里谈到的不仅仅是关于我们自己国家的不同区域，更是关于在世界上很多文化被发现的更大差异。
15. 生活在不同社会，环境和气候导致的结果，人们自身会发展特别的需要，养成特别的习惯和特有的风俗，总而言之，是产生在特定的形式，表达的方式和方法，以及人们相互联系的经验。很多例子我们在这会给出。
16. 比方说，人们在一个暖和的，热带的气候，与人们在欧洲的北方城市的地区生活是完全不同的。
17. 如果我们要明白他们的交流，我们需要知道关于民族和他们的背景。你可以发现当你自己在外国做生意时，这是很重要的事。当你在那里做生意，你要熟悉当地的文化和准备跟随他们的习惯，这是很重要的。例如，在一些拉丁美洲国家，当人在一起交谈时，他们所站的距离是非常紧密的，比我们很多西方国家站得更紧密。如果你是西方企业主管，发现你自己在这方面——站得紧密不舒服，然后退开保持一点距离时，你十分可能会冒犯你的拉丁美洲商业朋友。你的行为很可能引起了交流障碍，因为你给你的拉丁美洲合作伙伴显现“冷淡的距离的疏远”。
18. 记住人们做的事是不一样的，记住人们在他们自己的经历的时期之间的交流也是不同的。当踫到一些平常之外的事时不要触怒他人。这种情况可能在你涉及的周围里出现是罕见的，因为你经历的范围里没有。此情况对于其他每个人也许是完全正常的。
19. 我们似乎总是围绕着战争和战争的谣传的小奇事。除了增加人类行为和语言的障碍外，我们的交流经过文化的隔阂也是复杂的。
20. 很多文化的不同取决于非语言交流的形式。非语言方面相对来说是新的和仍然是在研究的和发展的；然而，我们大多数人已经有足够的经验意识到它的存在和重要性。人们必须在观点上和想法上小心地保留这方面文化，非语言元素作为只是所有交流方式的一部分——在非语言交流可能是重要的时候，不会一直是全部的内容。如果一个人在听你说话时皱眉，它可能是表示有疑问或有分歧；在另一方面，可能表示患头痛或可能是光线令人不舒服。对非语言信号保持警惕对你是重要的，但正确的解译它们也是非常重要的。
四、身体语言
21. 可能最知名的非语言交流是身体语言，至少对于外行人是这样认为。
22. 身体语言也称为动作语言。这个领域的一个创始人——Ray Birdwhistell，写道：“姿态的隔离和尝试理解它们，是引导人体动作学研究的最重要的结果。姿态最初的研究，首次得出动作语言的结构是与语言结构相类似的。随着姿态语言的研究，动作语言系统变得清晰，它已经有了让人惊讶的结构，就像我们所说的语言一样。
23. 研究人员观测到人们已经参与到这种交流过程中。他们已经学习了身体语言和其它非语言行为，以及他们已经关系到或识别到这些被传送出去的信息的真实内容的动作。这个结果是身体语言含义的一本词典。
24. “编码人”和“解码人”两者送出的非语言信息如同总交流过程中的一部分。
25. 了解非语言信息易于显示真切，诚实，确信，能力，合格的存在的与不存在的程度；身体语言显示很多有关“暗示”和被传送的信息，人们的态度以及感觉。
26. 解译的身体语言也显示很多有关他们以及他们的感觉；但最重要的是，频繁的告知接受或不接受信息的程度。
27. 在其它说法，身体语言提供解释刹那间的反馈信息给编码者和回答问题：“我如何做？”这是面对面交流时立刻反馈的信息，正是交流的有效形式。
28. 不管我们是否意识到，我们每个人都会花很多时间去分析身体语言。我们注意到皱眉头，挑眉，竖耳朵，手指轻敲桌面，两腿交叉与不交叉，手臂交叉在胸前。这些动作会被认为与信息自身有关系的；然而，很多时候非语言交流会比实际说出来的话语更为明显的或响亮的。
29. 你曾经发现自己在困难的环境和意识到你在椅子上移动你的身体吗？或是你手指朝着的衣领里转动？或是紧张地清清你的咽喉？非语言频繁的交流展示了我们交流的情感方面。
30. 很多人特别喜爱的运动是“看人”。当站在机场通道时，你是否曾注意到人群，然后尝试着想像他们的职业，是否有问题，和各种各样人的想法。你是否注意到一条独特的裙子，然后会尝试着判断关于那个人的事情？你是否注意到一些姿态，面部表情和走路的方式，然后会猜测话题讨论下的性质？
31. 要成为身体语言的好读者，需要你去提高你的观察和感知能力的水平。
32. 观察是一种分析的形式，是你在这方领域的能力，被教育，意识和需求三种因素所增加。
33. 教育和意识是相互关联的。通过教育，一个人变得更有意识。另一种说法，一个知道寻找什么；因此，一个人更愿意去观察它，去分析它。同样的，认识到对某事的需求会使一个人准备和渴望去获得它。如果你曾经尝试去陌生的邻近地区找一组确定的房号，你大概会比平常更警惕的和有意识的；你看见你以前没有看过的事，因为你有需要去观察和找这个房号。
34. 感知必需与你的能力去观察，保持警惕，和从交流中发生的真实细节中提炼出来。你必须尝试从有声和无声的交流中提取类似于“编码”和“解码”两者的信息。当解释你的信息时，你必须了解“解码者”的身体语言。
35. 同时，交流技巧的精通是重要的。在交流过程中对那些人的关系方面敏感的人犹为重要。这些人的特点通常在身体语言与其它非语言交流被生动地展现出来。
36. 作为一个编码者，你越快收到用身体语言形式反馈的信息，就越快在必要时转换更有效的解译技巧。
五、Eyes眼睛
37. 可能每个人都有用眼睛作为非语言交流的一些经验。我们大多数用凝视来想知道为什么。那是一种好奇或是病态吗？或者可能是凝视的人视力很差，只不过是想集中地听我们讲。但是有可能是观察者觉得我们有吸引力的和有趣的，而发出一个邀请，更进一步去了解。甚至于我们不知道身体语言或是非语言交流的情况下，我们大多数人已在分析“眼睛语言”。
38. 很多信息是通过眼睛传送出去的，但是凝视是一个人最重要的技能。在我们的文化里，一个人不会凝视另一个人——凝视某物。因此，凝视可以有引人注目的效果，因为它降低一个人非人性的状况。
39. 当一个人在思考，他的眼睛连着眼皮和眉毛的不同状态和动作的时候，能送出无止境的信号。像所有非语言交流的形式一样，用眼睛送出去的信息，应该会伴随着言语解释。
六、Hands, arms and legs 手，手臂和腿
40.任何人不用手和手臂怎么希望去交流呢？甚至腿也不仅仅是走路而已。
41. 毫无疑问的，我们都知道某些人是用他或她的手讲话。有些人用一些过分的手势打断说话，对于他们的非口头喊声太紧密，是非常危险的。你知道人在交谈时，会用他们的手指尖转卡片，或是不停地轻敲吗？你知道有人不断地按他们圆珠笔上的“开关”吗？你知道那些频繁地压按他们的指关节使其发出清脆的声音的人吗？你是否注意到那些抖动脚的人？他们的腿交叉与不交叉的人或是他们的腿交叉，然后前后摆动的人？
42. 这些非语言信息告诉了你什么？是人紧张吗？无把握吗？无聊吗？思考吗？高兴吗？渴望得到注意吗？不好的行为吗？或许这些信息没有什么意思。另一方面，如果非语言信号展现了交流一方的情绪，对你来说确定说话人传送出去的信息是什么是重要的。有时候他们都是一样；其它时候又是非常地不同。
43. 很多人把他们的一生奉献在身体语言的研究上。身体语言是非语言交流有趣的，有吸引力的区域；很多遗留下的非语言被人学习。成为一个更好的观察者，提高你的感知能力水平，以及尽可能的多了解你的听众，你将能够更正确地翻译非语言和语言信息。

1. Nonverbal communication (as the term implies) is anything other than words themselves that communicates or affects (positively or negatively) the message "contained" in the words.
2. Metacommunication is a word used to describe the nonverbal process. Meta is from the Greek and means "beyond" or "in addition to"; hence, metacommunication is something in addition to the communication.Anything which can be taken into account as relevant to our interpretation of what another is saying or doing beyond the manifest 'content' of what he is saying or doing can be referred to as metacommunication.
3. There are two types of nonverbal communication which we will discuss briefly before we look at the more common types. For lack of a better term, we will call these 'special forms'. You may not have thought of them as forms of nonverbal communication. They are paralanguage and silence.
一、Paralanguage
4. You may have heard someone say, 'It's not what he said, it's the way he said it."
5. Inflection can have an effect on the impact of a message; and while inflection is applied to words, it is a nonverbal treatment which can completely change the meaning a person would be expected to attach to the words. Inflections or emphasis applied vocally to a message are known as paralanguage.
6. Paralanguage sounds just the opposite from the words themselves. Someone may have greeted you with a "good morning!" but the tone of the words revealed that it was anything but a good morning. There are, of course, some messages which are transmitted entirely in a nonverbal manner through gestures and facial expressions. Pictures of Winston Curchill taken during World War 11 show him communicating encouragement to the people by raising two fingers in the familiar 'V for Victory' sign. Probably each of us has had the experience of making a statement that was greeted either by a raised eyebrow (indicating surprise) or by a wrinkled brow (indicating confusion or doubt).
7. And when the school bully took a step toward us with a raised, clenched fist, we got that message in a hurry, too.
二、Silence
8. Silence is an important communication tool.
9. Most of us find an extended period of silence rather oppressive and threatening, and we rush to fill the void with words—usually saying more than we mean to say.
10. By using silence at strategic times, you can sometimes get your decoder to reveal certain feelings and attitudes that may be hindering effective communication. It is important that we find out how we are doing in our effort to communicate; we do this through feedback. Silence can be an effective technique to encourage feedback. By silence I mean nonverbal elements held to a minimum.
三、Culture and communication
11. Webster defines culture as "the characteristic features of a particular stage or state of advancement in civilization." Or, another definition: Culture is the way a people think, act, live, and communicate. Since this article is about communication, it seems helpful or desirable to get the word communication into the definition. On the other hand, culture is communication; the two are very much bound together.
12. A culture develops as the result of interpersonal communication. At the same time, the form, the nature, the makeup of the culture results from the interaction of the people and the place and time in which they live. The "interaction of people" is just another way of saying "communication." Living together, working together, relating to one another is communication. We are always communicating—or attempting to communicate.
13. An awareness of the relationship between culture and communication as well as an understanding of the differences between cultures is helpful—and at times essential—in communicating successfully.
14. Perhaps the simplest way to explain culture and its relationship to communication is to say that people are different—we live, work, and play in different societies, environments, and climates, and we adapt to these in different ways. We are talking here not just about regional differences in our own country, but about even greater differences which are found in the numerous cultures of the world.
15. As a result of living in different societies, environments, and climates, people develop special needs, acquire habits and customs peculiar to themselves, and have experiences (and since words are the names we give to our experiences, we have language differences, too) which, in general, result in particular patterns and methods and forms of expression and relating (communicating) with one another. Many examples of this could be given.
16. People in a warm, tropical climate, for example, live quite differently from people in a northern urban area of Europe.
17. We need to know about people and their background if we are to understand their communications. This has important implications for when you may find yourself doing business in a foreign country. It is important that you become acquainted with the local culture and be prepared to follow its rules while you are doing business there. For example, in some Latin American countries, men stand quite close together when talking—much closer than we stand in many western countries. If you, as a Western business executive, were to find yourself in this situation, find the closeness uncomfortable, and back away, you would very likely offend your Latin American business friend. Your action would probably create a communication barrier because you would appear "coldand stand-offish" to your Latin American counterpart.
18. Remember that people do things differently. Remember, too, that people communicate in terms of their own experiences. Do not be offended (and communicate offensively) when something out of the ordinary happens. The situation may appear unusual to your frame of reference because it is not within the range of your experience; the situation may be perfectly "normal" to everyone else.
19. It is small wonder that we seem always to be surrounded by wars and rumours of wars. In addition to the barriers of human behaviour and language, our communication attempts also are complicated by cultural barriers (which actually are linked with language).
20. Many cultural differences take the form of nonverbal communications. The nonverbal area is relatively new and still is being studied and developed; however, most of us have had enough experience to be aware of its existence and importance. One must be careful to keep this area in perspective and to consider nonverbal elements as only a part of the total communication effort—while the nonverbal may be important, it is not always the whole story. If a person frowns while listening to you speak, it may indicate doubt or disagreement; on the other hand, the person may have a headache or the light may be bothersome. It is important for you to remain alert to nonverbal signals, but it is also essential that you decode them accurately.
四、Body language
21. Probably the best-known type of nonverbal communication, at least to the layperson, is body language.
22. Body language is also known as kinesics. A pioneer in the field, Ray Birdwhistell (Ray L. Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, p. 80.), writes, "The isolation of gestures and the attempt to understand them led to the most important findings of kinesic research. This original study of gestures gave the first indication that kinesic structure is parallel to language structure. By the study of gestures in context, it became clear that the kinesic system has forms which are astonishingly like words in language."
23. Researchers have observed people involved in the communication process. They have studied body language and other nonverbal behaviour, and they have then related or identified these actions with actual content of the message being transmitted. The result is a dictionary of body language meanings.
24. Both encoder and decoder send nonverbal messages as part of the total communication process.
25. The nonverbal messages of the encoder tend to reveal the degree of presence or absence of sincerity, honesty, conviction, ability, and qualifications; body language reveals a lot about the encoder and this person's attitude and feelings about the message being transmitted.
26. Body language of the decoders also reveals a lot about them and their feelings; but most important, it frequently tells the encoder the extent to which the decoders are accepting or not accepting the message.
27. In other words, body language provides instant feedback to the encoder and answers the question, "How am I doing?" It is this instant feedback which makes face-to-face communication such an effective form of communication.
28. Whether we are aware of it or not, each of us spends a lot of time decoding body language. We observe a wrinkled forehead, a raised eyebrow, a tug on the ear, fingers tapping on the table top, legs crossed and uncrossed, arms crossed over the chest. These movements should be considered in relation to the message itself; however, many times the nonverbal communications come through louder than the words that are actually being spoken.
29. Have you ever found yourself in a difficult situation and realized that you were shifting your weight in the chair? Or running a finger around the inside of your collar? Or clearing your throat nervously? Nonverbal communication frequently reveals the emotional side of our communications.
30. A favourite sport of many is "people watching." While waiting in an airport terminal, have you ever observed the crowd and tried to imagine the occupation, the problems, and the thoughts of various people? Have you observed an individual's dress and tried to conclude something about the person? Have you observed gestures, facial expressions, and manner of walk and tried to guess the nature of the topic under discussion?
31. To be a good reader of body language requires that you sharpen your powers of observation and perception.
32． Observation is a form of decoding, and your ability in this area can be increased by three factors: education, awareness, and need.
33. Education and awareness are interrelated. Through education, a person becomes aware of more things. in other words, a person knows what to look for; therefore, a person is more likely to observe it, to decode it. Likewise, realizing a need for something makes a person ready and eager to acquire it. If you have ever tried to find a certain house number in a strange neighbourhood, you know that you were probably more alert and aware than usual; you saw things you had not seen before because you had a need to observe and to find the house number.
34. Perception has to do with your ability to observe, to remain alert, and to extract from a given communication incident the 'realities' of the situation (recognizing, of course, that reality is different for each of us). You must try to take from the communication verbal and nonverbal messages which are similar for both encoder and decoder. While encoding your message, you must be decoding the body language of the decoder. (Communication is indeed a continuous processl)
35. Whilst mastery of communication techniques is important, it is essential that the encoder be sensitive to the human relations aspects in the communication process, and these human elements are often revealed vividly in body language and other nonverbal communication.
36. The sooner you, as encoder, receive feedback in the form of a body language message, the sooner you can switch to a more effective encoding technique if necessary.
五、Eyes
37. Probably everyone has had some experience with eyes as nonverbal communicators. Most of us have been stared at and have wondered why. Was it curiosity or ill manners? Or perhaps the starer had poor vision and was merely trying to get us in focus. But then there is the possibility the observer found us attractive and interesting and was issuing an invitation to get better acquainted. Most of us have decoded "eye language" even if we did not know about body language or nonverbal communication.
38. There are numerous messages that can be sent with the eyes, but the stare is the most important technique a person has. In our culture one does not stare at another person—one stares at things. Therefore, a stare can have a devastating effect because it reduces a person to nonhuman status.
39. There is an endless number of messages which can be sent when one thinks of eyes combined with different positions and movements of the eyelids and eyebrows. As with all forms of nonverbal communication, messages sent by the eyes should be decoded in terms of the words accompanying them.
六、Hands, arms and legs
40. How can anyone hope to communicate without using hands and arms? And even legs are for something besides walking.
41. No doubt each of us knows someone who "talks with his or her hands. Some people punctuate communications with such extravagant gestures that it is extremely dangerous to get too close to their nonverbal exclamations. Do you know people who during a conversation or a card game drum or tap incessantly with their finger tips? Are there people you know who constantly click the on-off switch of their ballpoint pens? Do you know people who frequently "pop" their knuckles? Do you notice individuals who tap their feet, who cross and uncross their legs, or who cross their legs and then swing their crossed legs back and forth?
42. What do these nonverbal messages tell you? Is the person nervous? Insecure? Bored? Thinking? Happy? Craving attention? A nuisance? Perhaps the messages mean nothing. On the other hand, if nonverbal signs reveal the emotional side of a communication, it is often important for you to try to determine what message is being transmitted along with the verbal one. Sometimes they are the same; other times they are drastically different.
43. Many people are devoting their entire life to the study of body language. Body language is an interesting, fascinating area of nonverbal communication; much remains to be learned about it. By becoming a better observer, by sharpening your powers of perception, and by knowing as much as possible about your audience (decoders), you should be able to translate more accurately nonverbal and verbal messages.

【非语言交流—概述(一)】相关文章：