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高考英语听力解题策略与技巧(一)
高考英语听力解题策略与技巧龙岩一中 俞菊仙
一、高考英语听力对考生的要求
听力题,作为高考英语试题的开篇,是高考试题中的重点之一,占全卷30分。考生完成得好不好直接影响到对其他考题的发挥。高考对英语听力部分的要求是:要求考生听懂有关日常生活中的熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。要求考生具备以下能力:⒈ 理解主旨要义的能力;⒉ 理解话语之间的逻辑关系,获取事实性的具体信息的能力;⒊ 对所听内容做出简单推断的能力;⒋ 从听力材料中提取信息和观点的能力;⒌ 理解说话者意图、观点或态度的能力;⒍ 能听懂委婉的建议或劝告,识别不同语气所表达的不同情感的能力。
学习语言的人都知道,听的能力是非常重要的。听是理解和吸收口头信息表达的能力;是吸收和巩固语言知识及培养说、读、写语言能力的重要手段。而且,高考听力测试中的材料内容涉及生活的方方面面。因此,在高中教学中,注重听力教学是培养学生综合语言运用能力的重要渠道。
二、影响学生听力的几个因素
⒈ 语音知识。人们往往通过语音来辨别所听到的内容,语音是语言教学的基础。听力理解的过程从辨音开始,如果学生自己的语音、语调不规范,就无法辨别所听材料中语句的含义。因此,学生在平时应重视语音,熟练了解语句重音、节奏、音速、连读、不完全爆破及语调知识。
例题 1:
Where is the shoe shop?
A. On the west side of the shopping centre. B. Opposite the shopping centre. C. Near the cafeteria.
录音材料:
M: Could you tell me where the shoe shop is?
W: Yes. The shoe shop is on the east of the shopping centre, close to the cafeteria.
M: Thank you very much.
解题分析: 学生把“east”听成“west”而错选A项。答案:C
例题 2:
Which is the speaker’s favorite place to read the newspaper?
A. The garden. B. The bedroom. C. The bathroom.
解题分析:在听录音材料时,把“bathroom”听成“bedroom”,其中学生主观上也认为在bedroom阅读报纸较为适宜。尤其美国音“a”的发音是[ æ ]。学生更容易混。答案:C
例题3:
How much is the book ?
A. $ 9.50 B. $ 9.15 C. $19.15
录音材料:
M: Excuse me .Can you tell me how much the book is ? W: Yes, it’s nine fifteen .
解题分析:学生容易把-teen结尾的数词与以-ty结尾的数词混淆, “thirteen” 与 “thirty ” “fourteen ” 与“forty ”等等常常是学生听力的难点。平时要特别注意。答案:B.
⒉ 词汇因素。高考听力测试中所用词汇和短语不超出《考纲》的范围,但词汇量的大小直接影响到学生听力的成效。因此,要拓宽学生的词汇量,尽可能掌握《考纲》中的词汇及短语,有助于考生领悟连贯语流中的词汇的意群。
⑴ 词汇生疏情况
例题1 :
Where did Ted plan to go? A. To the barber’s. B. To the office. C. To the centre.
录音材料:
M: Hello, Lucy. This is Bob Smith in the centre. Is Ted there?
W: Not yet, Bob. He phoned me from the office 10 minutes ago to say that he was going to have his hair cut. 解题分析:学生不知道“barber”是理发店的意思,不知如何选,就凭感觉乱选。答案:A
例题2 :
Where does the conversation probably take place? A. On a plane. B. On a bus. C. In a taxi.
录音材料:
W: Fasten your seat belt please, sir? M: Of course, I didn’t realize that we were going to land so soon.
解题分析:学生不理解“land”是飞机下降,降落着地的意思,只记得“land”是“陆地”、“地方”的意思。 答案:A
⑵ 词汇替代情况
例题:
Why can’t the man go swimming now?
A. He must meet his teacher. B. He must attend a class. C. He must go out with his girlfriend.
录音材料:
W: John, do you want to go swimming with me today?
M: Sure. But I can’t leave now. I have an appointment with my professor at three o’clock.
解题分析:学生对于“appointment”的意思是约会、约定,这里指安排与老师会晤。“meet”除了有“遇见”的意思外,还可以作“约定、会面”或“晤谈”,有同学把“meet”误解为(男女)约会,又有同学认为只有上课才与老师见面。答案A。
⑶ 一词多意情况
例题1 :
Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a cinema. B. In a clothes shop. C. In a photo shop.
录音材料:
W: Excuse me, I want to have some films developed? M: OK. Do you want it colour or black – and – white?
解题分析:学生不理解“film”在这个对话中的含意,“film”不仅有作“电影”解的意思,还有作“胶片”的意思,这里讲的是冲洗底片。答案:C。
例题2 :
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
A. Making a phone call. B. Traveling to New York. C. Getting some small change.
录音材料:
M: Excuse me. Can you lend me a coin? Have to make a phone call to New York.
W: I’m sorry. I don’t have any change. You can get some at the service desk, I think.
解题分析:对change一词多意不理解,只知change改变,不知它作名词还有“找零钱”的意思。答案:C。
⒊ 句法和语法。高中英语中的句法和语法知识,是帮助我们正确理解有声材料的必要条件,为我们正确判断动作发出的时间、动作的执行者和承受者以及虚拟等情况提供必要的依据。
句型结构:
例题:
When will the man stay at 5:00? A. At home. B. At his office. C. At the train station.
录音材料:
M: Give me a call when you get into town. I’ll pick you up at the train station. W: Shall I call your office?
M: If you get in before 5:30 call the office. Other wise, call my home.
解题分析:学生当录音材料念到otherwise时,就认为是换而言之,认为我在家。误选A。答案:B。
⒋ 文化与母语。语言是社会文化的载体,不同的国家、民族与社会文化状况千差万别,其语言表达各不相同。了解英语国家的社会、文化、历史、地理、风俗等背景知识学生对提高听力特别重要,有助于避免母语干扰,防止中文式的英文理解和听力理解的偏移。
⑴ 文化母语
例题:
What is the probable relationship between the speakers? A. Neighbours. B. Classmates. C. Colleagues.
录音材料:
M: So, you have just moved in next door. Do you need anything? W: No, Not right now. But thanks.
M: Well, let me know if you do.
解题分析:学生的思维过程认为“next door”是上班期间,搬的是办公室,定向思维是每一间办公室,同时对Colleagues想当然是隔壁办公室的同事,误选C。答案A。
例题:
What does the woman think of having friends?
A. It is unnecessary. B. It is bad sometimes. C. It makes his life interesting.
录音材料:
M: My work has forced me to cancel all fun activities in my life. I can’t even see my friend on the weekend.
W: That doesn’t seem so bad. You have a good job, and you seem to be ready happy with it. Who need friends?
解题分析:中国同学思维,对朋友的理解就是互相关心、互相爱护的友谊。正常心理觉得,有朋友是人生中很有意义、有趣的事,故误选C。答案:A。
⑵ 俚语:
例题:
What do we know about Lucy?
A. She has caught a bad cold. B. She refused the man’s invitation. C. She will go dancing with the man.
录音材料:
W: Did Lucy agree to go dancing with you this Friday evening?
M: Well, she turned up her nose at my invitation.
解题分析:学生不理解“turn up one’s nose at…”的意思是“鄙视;嗤之以鼻;瞧不起;看不起某人”“不理睬某人”,由于不能理解,导致一头雾水,本句的意思是“refuse sb’s invitation”。 答案:B。
三、高考英语听力解题策略与技巧
⒈ 迅速浏览试题,明确内容方向
考生听前要抓紧时间阅读题目的选项,以便弄清所听内容,捕捉重点线索和信息,使听音具有明确的针对性。通过浏览试卷上的文字信息,可以推断出要听的对话,或语段将要涉及的话题、情况、时间、场合等相关内容,使自己在听的过程中处于主动地位,做到心中有数,有的放矢,提高听的效率。
[例题](2009年高考模拟)
Why will the woman go to London?
A. To have a look at London. B. To go with her friend. C. To spend the weekend.
录音材料:
M: Are you going to London for next weekend? W: Yes, I will visit a friend of mine while I am there.
解题分析: 这是一道提问原因的题目。提问的是原因why,因此在的听的过程中应特别注意与此相关的关联词,文中出现了常会出现for, because , so等等是解题的关键,抓住关键词解题的方法很重要,抓住了前后的因果关系,答案就不言自明了。[答案] C.
⒉ 沉着冷静,精力集中
听力考试信息一听即逝,无法像阅读材料那样进行反复阅读,听力考试应集中精力,全身放松,保持最佳准备状态,用闭住双眼并做深呼吸帮助减轻情绪焦虑。尤其高考听力第一节,共5段对话,每段对话的录音材料只播放一次。要把注意力集中到听音之上,自信沉着,答题要果断,不能犹豫不决。
例题:
What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. A picture. B. A drink. C. A book.
录音材料:
W: Would you like a cup of tea? M: No, thank you. Tell me about your book.
W: Oh, it’s not finished yet, but I have some of the pictures. Would you like to see them?
解题分析:学生只听前面一半对话,就下结论,问人家要不要喝茶就认为是drink。答案:C。
例题:
What are the speakers mainly talking about? A. An actor. B. A player. C. A waiter.
录音材料:
M: I like the little kid in the movie. I can’t imagine anyone else playing at the role.
W: I like him too, he’s so cute.
解题分析:学生只听到有playing就认为player. 答案:A。
⒊ 抓住关键,推测答案
语言交际离不开语境。比如:在学校常出现教师的学生的对话,谈论的内容通常是学习、考试、作业等问题。在医院医生和病人的对话,谈论内容多为病情、治疗、健康等问题。在机场,谈论的内容常为航班的班次或起飞的时间,或飞往某地等问题。学生可根据已知的题干内容、关键词及其选项揣测听力材料的背景、内容及情节,合理运用预测技巧来减少记忆负荷,缩小范围,提高听的效率;根据已有的信息进行合乎情理的判断、分析、推理。从而降低难度,消除紧张心理,增强自信心,进行准确理解。
通过常识推理:
例题:
What are the speakers discussing?
A. A speech on television. B. An article in the newspaper. C. A meeting with the president.
录音材料:
M: How did you like the president’s speed last night?
W: Unfortunately I got home too late last night to watch it.
解题分析:学生可根据对话的内容,平时积累的背景知识判断出,是昨晚的电视讲话。答案:A。
例题:
What does the woman think of the car’s noise? A. Funny. B. Boring. C. Tolerable.
录音材料:
M: Do you think this car’s making a funny noise? W: It sounds OK to me.
解题分析:学生可根据对汽车发出的声音,结合对话,立即可根据常识判断这样的题目。答案:C。
⒋ 读、听、记结合
学生在听力时,常常是听了后面,忘了前面。结果材料听完了,记住的东西却不多。对于对话长,信息多的听力材料,决不能孤立地一个词一个词地去听,要一句一句地连续听完,注意整听,听懂全句的意思,从整体上去理解。根据文字提供的线索,有目的地边听边记,记录材料中的关键词、重要数字、地名、人名等,特别要记录大意及一些重要细节有关的词语。同时,还要提高记录速度,学生可用缩略语和符号,例如:equal→=;for example→eg. “+”→ plus ; “≈”→ about 等。可创造一些适合自己的缩写符号进行记录。可用代号、图形或自己明白的方式进行记录,脑记和笔记相结合,可以节省时间。
⑴ 通过读题推理
例题:
① Why does the man look sad?
A. He failed his test again. B. He had to stop his study. C. He couldn’t understand the foreigners.
② How did the woman improve her French?
A. By reading French News paper. B. By watching French films. C. By speaking to herself.
③ What does the woman suggest the man do?
A. Be confident. B. Talk with foreigners. C. Ask the teacher for advice.
录音材料:
W: You look sad. What’s up?
M: I failed another French exam. I’m never going to learn this language well.
W: Oh, come on. Don’t say that. In the past, my French was very poor. But now it’s pretty good.
M: I wish that would happen to me. How did you do it?
W: I took every chance to practice, such as talking to foreigners, reading French aloud in the morning and even speaking to myself, from time to time.
M: I’ve done the same. But it’s useless. My French hasn’t improved. I don’t think it even will.
W: You should have confidence in yourself. You can learn French OK so long as you work hard.
M: Perhaps, you’re right. Anyway. Thanks a lot for the advice.
解题分析:这样的题可通过阅读第二、第三的题干,就能推理判断出第一小题的答案。
第二题干:improve her French,第三题干:suggest the man do 就能推断:这位先生法语学不好,在请教这位女士。根据读题就能判断对话内容的方向,从而降低解题难度。
⑵ 听:
当你看到的题干是:What does the woman think of …? 听的注意力就应该放在听女声的录音材料上,
如果看到的题干是:What does the man imply/ suggest...? 听的注意力就应该放在听男声的录音材料上。
总之,英语听力是一项综合技能,听力的基本功需要循序渐进地培养,需要大量百科知识的积累,需要大量的朗读和听的实践。同时学生所掌握的词汇量、语法知识、阅读水平,以及对英语国家的文化、社会背景的了解都决定着一个人的听力水平。但只要正视它,运用熟练的听力技巧,加强训练,坚持不懈,持之以恒,听力水平就会得到全面提高。
【参考文献】
1.国家教育部《英语课程标准》北京师范大学出版
2. 福建省普通高中新课程教学要求(英语) 福建教育出版社,2008年6月
3.2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试福建省语文、数学、英语《考试说明》
4.《中学英语听力必备》海南出版社 2004
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