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萨特有没有伦理学?
[摘要];萨特是当代法国著名家,他的哲学代表作《存在与虚无》最全面最完整地阐明了他的早期哲学思想。他曾萌生写一部伦著作的念头,并在此后的生涯中陆续写下许多伦理学的笔记。可是到头来,这部伦理学著作并未面世。这就引发了萨特的者对他到底有没有伦理学思想和对伦理学有没有特殊贡献的讨论。本文援引了西方哲学界的一些萨特学者对这一的看法,并发表了自己的观点。总的意见是:不能轻言萨特没有伦理学,我们可以依据散见于他的各种著作文章中的伦理学思想,建构起他的伦理学。本文还对萨特伦理学思想的特色作了。;
[关键词];萨特|伦理学|个人自由|自由;;;
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萨特没有出版他在《存在与虚无》一书末尾向世人宣告准备写的一部伦理学巨著,这是事实;可是,;他确实为写作这部著作作了大量的准备工作,写下了一大摞伦理学笔记,这也是事实。两件事实摆在一块儿,我们应该得出怎样的结论?萨特,归根结底,有没有他独特的伦理学理论?;
在西方哲学界,萨特的评论家和批评者对这个问题有着热烈的争论。萨特生前,无论成文的伦理学著作,还是大纲,仰或手稿都未见诸于世,所以争论集中在如下的问题上:假如萨特有时间写伦理学一书,他有无可能创建成体系的伦理学?根据萨特遗留的著作文章中的伦理学论述,构建他的伦理学有无可能?一些专家认为这种构建萨特伦理学的尝试是不可能的,这种不可能性来自萨特哲学本身内在的矛盾冲突。他们指出,萨特在《存在与虚无》中所持的本体论立场毁掉了他的伦理学的可能性;另一些学者则主张,要使萨特的伦理学有可能重建,必须彻底尘封他的早期思想,将这一伦理学建立在他的晚期著作的基础上;还有一些萨特研究者提出,从萨特遗留的著作文章看,萨特伦理学的大致轮廓还是依稀可辨的,因此有可能通过充实和细化,使这一轮廓变得清晰、明朗、丰满;最后一种观点则坚持,虽然萨特有许多引人入胜的关于伦理学的谈话、文章和笔记发表,但是,从总体上说,这些精彩的思想火花和灵感是零碎不全的,全面的分析和最后的归纳依然缺乏,不足以立起一座伦理学大厦。;
以上大相径庭的观点可以概括为两个问题:第一,我们心目中的萨特伦理学,是否应建立在他在《存在与虚无》中所表述的本体论上?如果是,那么他早期的本体论认为人的本性是绝对自由的,这一观点同他后来的“人的自由受到社会条件的制约,因此人不是绝对自由的”观点相矛盾。关键的问题在于萨特后期保留还是放弃了他早期的本体论。如果萨特直到去世仍然抱着他的早期本体论观点舍不得放下,他的新伦理学就不可能诞生,否则,我们就得去探索作为他的新伦理学基础的新本体论。而萨特遗留的文稿表明,他并没有创立新的本体论。第二,根据散见于萨特所有的文章著作中的伦理学论述,能否足以形成萨特伦理学的理论体系?或者是,即使萨特有一些伦理学观点,它们也是零碎不全的,因此,系统的萨特伦理学是无法想象和建构起来的。;
许多萨特的批评者认为萨特早期在《存在与虚无》中提出的本体论,阻碍了他形成有生命力的伦理学。只有彻底背弃这个本体论,拥抱另一个本体论,才能为他的伦理学奠定一个坚实的基础。由于我们没有见到萨特另一个系统的本体论,所以这使得萨特的伦理学不可能。;玛丽.沃呶克(MaryWarnock)、华特.欧岱尼克;(Walter;Odajnyk);和威尔福瑞德.迪僧;(Wilfrid;Desan);就是持这种观点的代表人物。然而,另一些人不同意这种观点。托马斯.安德生(Thomas;C.;Anderson)说:那些否定萨特本体论的批评者“有着对萨特本体论的误解”。他相信,“一旦萨特的本体论被正确地理解,虽然不是全部,但是许多困难能被解决…总而言之,更准确地说,作为萨特伦理学的真正基础,萨特早期的本体论对于他的伦理学的,不是一个很大的障碍。”安德生承认在出版《存在与虚无》之后的三十年内,萨特在许多方面修正了他的早期伦理学。然而,他没有指明“在那个时期,萨特的伦理观点有哪些本质变化。”萨特主要在20世纪40年代的著作中建立起来的伦理学“之大部仍然建立在他的早期本体论上”。;[1];
Is;re;a;Sartrean;Ethics?;
It;is;a;fact;that;Sartre;did;not;publish;his;work;of;ethics,;;he;made;an;announcement;at;the;very;end;of;his;philosophical;work;Being;and;Nothingness.;It;is;also;a;fact,;however,;Sartre;had;prepared;a;pile;of;notebooks;for;this;ethics.;Combining;these;two;facts;together,;what;conclusion;should;we;make?;Sartre,;in;the;final;analysis,;is;there;his;unique;and;creative;ethical;theory?;
There;have;been;many;heated;debates;on;this;question;among;commentators;and;critics;of;Sartre’s;works;throughout;the;world.;Neither;an;ethics;nor;even;a;draft;or;an;outline;of;such;an;ethics;appeared;in;print;during;his;lifetime.;Hence;much;of;these;debates;focused;on;questions;such;as:;Is;a;Sartrean;ethics;possible,;assuming;he;had;time;to;write;it?;Is;it;possible;to;formulate;his;ethics;from;the;works;he;has;left;us?;Some;scholars;have;maintained;that;such;a;project;was;inherently;impossible;because;of;internal;difficulties;within;Sartre’s;philosophy.;They;have;claimed;that;the;ontological;positions;of;Being;and;Nothingness;undermine;its;possibility.;Others;have;held;that;a;Sartrean;ethics;is;possible,;but;only;if;one;abandons;his;earlier;position;and;bases;this;ethics;on;his;later;works.;Still;others;have;indicated;the;general;outlines;of;an;ethics;that;are;discernible;in;Sartre’s;works,;arguing;that;these;can;be;filled;in;in;detail.;A;final;position;is;that;even;though;Sartre;does;have;many;interesting;discussions,;essays,;and;notes;that;relate;to;ethics,;any;overall;synthesis;is;lacking;and;in;the;final;analysis,;unattainable.;
The;above;different;opining;can;be;reduced;to;two;questions:;First,;is;Sartre’s;ethics,;which;we;believe;there;is;one,;based;on;his;ontology;set;forth;in;Being;and;Nothingness?;If;it;is,;his;earlier;ontological;views;maintain;that;human;beings;are;absolutely;free;in;nature.;It;would;contradicts;his;later;ethical;view;that;human;beings;are;not;absolutely;free,;for;his;freedom;is;restricted;by;the;society.;The;crucial;point;here;is;that;whether;Sartre;had;been;kept;or;abandoned;his;earlier;ontology;in;his;later;life.;If;Sartre;had;maintained;his;earlier;ontology;till;the;end;of;his;life,;his;neo-ethics;would;not;have;possibly;come;into;being.;Otherwise,;we;have;to;find;a;new;ontology;for;the;foundation;of;this;neo-ethics.;Secondly,;Are;Sartre’s;ethical;points,;supposedly;there;are,;can;be;formed;a;sketch;of;Sartrean;ethics,;from;all;the;literatures;of;Sartre?;Or,;even;through;Sartre;did;have;some;ethical;points;of;view,;they;are;mere;bits;and;pieces.;In;general;a;systematic;ethics;is;not;imaginable;and;formable.;
Many;of;his;critics;have;held;that;his;early;ontology;as;developed;in;Being;and;Nothingness;prevented;him;from;proposing;a;viable;ethics;that;it;is;only;by;repudiating;this;ontology;and;embracing;another;that;he;could;find;a;proper;foundation;for;morality.;Since;Sartre;does;not;have;another;ontological;work,;this;opinion;leads;to;the;conclusion;that;Sartre’s;ethics;is;impossible.;Mary;Warnock,;Walter;Odajnyk,;and;Wilfrid;Desan;are;representatives;of;this;position.;,;many;others;have;disagreed;with;such;a;view.;Thomas;C.;Anderson;declares;that;those;critics;who;deny;Sartre’s;ontology;are;“rooted;in;misunderstandings;of;Sartre’s;ontology.”;He;believes;that;“once;the;ontology;is;understood;correctly,;many,;though;not;all,;of;these;difficulties;can;be;resolved….;It;is;more;accurate;to;say;that;on;balance;Sartre’s;early;ontology;is;not;so;much;an;obstacle;to;the;development;of;his;ethics;as;it;is;its;very;foundation.”;Anderson;concedes;that;it;is;true;that;Sartre;modified;his;early;ontology;in;a;number;of;areas;in;the;thirty;years;after;the;publication;of;Being;and;Nothingness.;However,;he;has;not;given;any;indication;that;“his;moral;positions;have;changed;in;essentials;over;that;period.”;The;ethical;theory,;which;was;set;forth;primarily;in;works;written;in;the;1940s,;“remains;for;most;part;founded;on;the;early;ontology.”[1];
Thomas;W.;Busch;reports;that;in;the;film;Sartre;by;Himself,;Michel;Contat;asked;Sartre;if;he;ever;looked;back;upon;the;approximately;thirty;volumes;of;his;works;in;order;to;seize;what;unifying;thread;there;is;throughout;them.;Sartre;replied;that;there;was;one;even;though;he;had;never;tried;to;look;for;it.;“Philosophy”;would;be;the;only;unity;there;among;all;the;different;books.;Busch;concludes:;“In;terms;of;philosophy;it;would;appear;that;for;Sartre;freedom;would;be;the;obvious;unifying;concept.”[2];Although;on;that;subject;Sartre;admitted;that;he;had;made;considerable;changes,;his;remarks;prove;that;he;still;regarded;his;early;theory;as;a;part;of;the;whole;unifying;thread;that;runs;through;his;later;works.;Busch,;like;Anderson,;also;claims;that;Sartre’s;early;philosophy;has;often;been;misinterpreted:;“Sartre’s;philosophy;has;been,;from;the;beginning,;much;misunderstood.;Forth-five;years;after;its;publication;Being;and;Nothingness;is;still;misread.”[3];
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