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突破长难句障碍,提高阅读理解能力
侧重考查阅读理解能力,是高考英语试卷的一大特点。高考英语阅读文章中往往有许多结构复杂、较难理解的长难句,这些长难句是不少考生理解文章的一大障碍,也常常是考题所要考查的对象。不难理解,命题者在句子难度上做文章,无非就是想增加句子的长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读和思维方式,从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。这些长难句,结构复杂,信息量大,如果考生缺乏驾驭这类句子的能力,不能正确理顺其关系,就很难准确理解句意和把握考题所需要的正确信息。因此,作为考生,平时加大阅读量的同时,要针对阅读文章中的长难句,学会利用句法知识,提高自己分析把握长难句的能力。一、分清主次,化繁为简
最常见的长难句往往有多重句子修饰成分,用介词短语、形容词短语、分词或分词短语、不定式、从句等作定语、状语、主语、补语等。有时甚至是一个从句套着另一个从句,使得考生搞不清整个句子结构。其实,不管一个句子有多长、结构有多复杂,它只有两部分构成,即句子的主干和修饰成分。因此,找出句子的主干(如:句子的主语、谓语、宾语等),分清句子的附属成分(如:句子的定语、状语、补语等),理清附属成分与主干的关系。这样,准确理解这类长难句就不难了。
例句1:A mere hundred species (物种) are the basisof our food supply, of which but twenty carry the load.Wilson suggests changing this situation by looking intoten thousand species that could be made use of, which willbe a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes ofplants and animals to enlarge farming areas. (2008 全国卷一 E 篇)
解析:第二句是一个含有多重修饰成分的长句,该句的主干是“主谓宾结构”。主语:Wilson,谓语:suggests,宾语:changing this situation …。但宾语中有多重修饰成分:介词短语by looking … 作状语, 修饰changing thissituation …;which 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰changingthis situation …use of;不定式to reduce … animals 作定语,修饰clearing …。根据该句,文后第74 题:Wilsonsuggests that one way to keep biodiversity is to _______ .答案选D(use more species for food)。
例句2:The good news, however, is that federal loansaccount for about three quarters of student borrowing, andthe government says that money will flow uninterrupted.(2011 山东 C 篇)
解析:该句子是并列复合句。第一个分句的主干是“主系表结构”——The good news, however, is…。这个分句中包含一个that 引导的表语从句。第二个分句的主干是“主谓宾结构”——the government says…。这个分句中包含一个that引导的宾语从句。根据该句,文后第70 题:According to thelast paragraph, the government will _________ . 答案选D ( go on providing financial support for collegestudents)。
有时候,一个句子包含多个并列成分,如并列主语、谓语、宾语、定语等。这些并列结构往往有连接词,在解读这类句子时,要注意利用连词和标点符号来判断并列部分。
例句:After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decidedhe’d better find a way to fight back. He left Canton,Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamedhimself the Diabetic Rockstar, and createddiabeticrockstar. com, a free online community fordiabetics and their loved ones –a place where over 1,000people share personal stories, information and resources.(2010 山东 A 篇)
解析:第二个句子是含有多个并列谓语的并列句。该句的主干是:He left …, got …, nicknamed …, and created …。名词短语:a free online community … and resources 作diabeticrockstar. Com 的同位语;a place where … 进一步说明a free online community 是一个什么地方。根据该句,文后第57 题: Diabeticrockstar. Com was created for_______ . 答案A (diabetics to communicate)。
二、抓住关键,先主后次
为了补充信息和平衡句子结构,使语意严密,结构紧凑,文章中还经常使用插入语,用破折号或逗号把语法关系密切的两个句子成分隔开来,增加了理解的难度。阅读时,可先将插入语部分跳过,先读主句,再读插入语部分。
例句:It was the Hatches’ wish that their legacy—a legacy of kindness as much as one of dollars and cents—should enrich the whole community (社区) and last forgenerations to come.(2009 山东卷 A 篇)
解析:该句中破折号中间部分为插入语,阅读时可先略过不看,首先找出句子的主干,即:It was the Hatches’ wishthat their legacy should enrich …。It 为形式主语,that引导的从句为真正的主语。然后再读插入部分:a legacy ofkindness as much as one of dollars and cents,对theirlegacy 起进一步说明的作用。通过对这句话的理解,考生可以确定文后第60 题:What can we learn from the text? 答案D(The Hatches would like the neighbors to follow theirexample)。
三、理清语序,轻形重意
为了强调句子的意义表达重心,或是为了平衡句子结构,有些句子打破了相对固定的常规语序,运用倒装句式或强调句型。熟练掌握这类句子的句型结构是准确理解这类句子的基础。但把握这类句子的结构是一方面,更重要的是阅读时根据句型结构准确理解句子的意义。
例句1:Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he wouldprobably now be valued as a minor poet... (2011 重庆 D篇)
解析:该句是省略了if 的混合虚拟语气的倒装句,正常语序为:If Yeats had stopped writing at age 40, he wouldprobably now be valued as a minor poet...理清了语序,把握句意就容易多了。该句的意思是:假如Yeats 40 岁就停止写作的话,或许现在只被看作一位无足轻重的诗人了……。根据该句,文后第69 题:According to the passage, what do weknow about Yeats’s life?答案为C(Yeats began to producehis best works from the 1910s.)。 例句2:Not only have the pubic been able to learn aboutthe LoB, but the virtual one has also enabled those workingon the LoB to understand the building and how it will workbefore it even opens. (2011 四川卷 C 篇)
解析:该句中not only ...but also 引导并列句,not only放在引导的分句的句首,该分句使用了部分倒装结构。理清了语序后,更重要的是准确把握句子的意义。该句的意思是:公众不仅可以了解到图书馆的相关信息而且虚拟图书馆还让那些建造图书馆的人在它实际开放之前理解它的建造和其运作方式。根据该句,文后第50 题:While visiting the Virtual LoB,the public can_____.答案为A(get a general idea of theLoB)。
例句3:The researchers said that among the problemswith some earlier studies is that they often failed to takeinto account that those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and reckless (雀斑) , for example—are more likely to use sunscreen. (2008 福建卷 E 篇)
解析:该句综合运用了从句、倒装、插入语,句子结构较为复杂。该句的主体结构为:The researchers said that …is that they often failed to...,其中第一个that 引导一个宾语从句,宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构,其中主语为thatthey often…的一个主语从句,表语为among the problemswith…。破折号之间的内容为插入语。根据该句,文后第72 题:People with fair skin and freckles _____ . 答案为B(aremore in danger of skin cancer)。
四、明确指代,上求下索
在英语中,为了达到语言简练,避免重复,经常会使用代词来代替上下文中已经出现过的词或提到的内容。代词是阅读过程中的难点之一,高考阅读理解也常设置代词意义判断题,考查考生利用语境逻辑推断人称、指示、关系代词意义的能力。在阅读过程中,考生须根据上下文的逻辑关系,正确判断代词所代替的具体内容,若分析不当,往往会造成“张冠李戴”的错误,也就不能正确理解句意和文义。
英语中常见的代词有:it, one(ones), that, they, those,the former, the latter 等,其中it 的用法最为复杂。
例句1:To get rid of alcohol from the body is a veryslow process and it is not possible to speed it up withany measures like taking a shower or having a cup of teaor coffee.(2011 福建卷 A 篇)
文后第57 题:The underlined word “it” in the secondparagraphrefers to “________”.
A. alcohol B. absorption C. blood D. process
解析:根据“it”所在的句子,清除体内酒精的过程是非常慢的,像淋浴和喝茶或咖啡这样的措施也不可能加快清除过程, 可知it 指代上文中提到的“过程”。所以,答案为D。例句2: Kong Zi, also called Confucius, and Socrateslived only a hundred years apart, and during theirlifetimes there was no contact between China and Greece,but it is interesting to look at how the world that eachof these great philosophers came from shaped their ideas,and how these ideas in turn, shaped their societies.(2010江西卷 C 篇)
解析:该句包含了多个从句,but 连接了两个并列句。but分句中的it 为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式福建tolook at how...。不定式中的两个how 从句为at 的宾语,第一个how 从句中又包含了从句that each of these…作the world的定语。根据该句,文后第64 题:Which of the following isTRUE according to the first paragraph?答案为C(Thesocieties were influenced by the philosophers’ ideas.)。
例句3:It turned out that Easterners focused muchgreater attention on the eyes and made significantly moreerrors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference ineye movements that they show is probably a reflection orcultural difference in facial expression,” Jack said.“Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the wholeface to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more andmouth less.” (2010 湖南卷C 篇)
文后第68 题:What does the underlined word “they”in Paragraph 6 refer to?
解析: 在The cultural difference … in facialexpression 这句话里,movements 后面是that 引导的定语从句,完整的从句应该是“They show eye movements”,因此they应该是指代“参与研究的人”。答案选A(The participants inthe study)。
总之,英语阅读文章中的长难句是一个比较复杂的语言现象,准确把握和理解长难句是考生应掌握的一项阅读技能。要掌握这项技能,不但要注意词汇量和基本语法知识的积累,也要讲究方法,通过长期的积累和不断的练习,使长难句不再成为英语阅读的障碍,从而进一步提升自己的阅读理解能力。
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