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英语阅读理解中的十种猜词法
由于近年来高考英语阅读理解题在许多情况下对考纲外的生词不夹注中文,尤其是高考英语还经常直接对猜测生词词义设题,有时甚至还占有较高的比例,所以考生学会如何巧妙地根据文章所提供信息来猜测生词是很有必要的。下面介绍几种常见的猜测生词词义的方法。1. 定义法
定义法,即根据文章中的定义关系确定生词的词义。如:
(1)A glacier is a river of rice.
句义表明glacier 的意思是“冰河”。
(2)A linguist is a person who studies the science of language.
Linguist 就是一个“研究语言科学的人”,即“语言学家”。
2. 释义法
释义法,即根据文章中提供的释义关系来确定生词的词义。如:
(1) They described him as a loom, or a foolish man.
句中的or 是对loom 的解释,即 loom 与a foolish man 同义,即表示“笨蛋”。
(2) They are three kinds of snow. One kind is a fluffy snow which is somewhat dry and feathery.
定语从句 that is somewhat dry and feathery(有点儿干,像羽毛似的)表明fluffy snow 的意思可能是“鹅毛大雪”。
3. 同位法
同位法是对所修饰词语的进一步说明和解释,若对所修饰的词语不熟悉,可通过其后面同位语的“说明或解释”来确定词义。如:
(1) His father is an expert in phonetics, the study of sounds of language.
同位语 the study of sounds of language 表示phonetics 的意思是“语言学”。
(2) Jean was born with spina bifida, a birth illness that damages the spina (脊骨)
同位语a birth illness that damages the spina 表明了spina bifida 是一种病,一种对脊骨有害的病。
4. 对比法
对比法,即根据文章前后的对比关系来确定生词的词义。如:
(1) He had been getting better, but during the night his condition deteriorated .
句中的but 表明deteriorated 应该与 get better 的意思相反,即“恶化”。
(2) Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.
While 表示对比,意为“而”,所以loquacious 应是silent的反义,即表示“多嘴的”。
5. 构词法
构词法,即根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词法判断生词的词义。
如: (1) Overwork may cause diseases.
前缀over 的意思是“过分的,过量的”,故overwork的意思应为“工作过度”。
(2) There was a dissatisfied look in the manager’s eyes.
satisfied 的意思是“满意的”,前缀dis的意思是“不”,故dissatisfied 的意思应该是“不满意的”。
6.语境法
语境法,即根据上下文的语境来猜测生词的词义。如:
The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.
从这个人答语中的work as an engineer 可知,occupation的意思可能是“职业”。
7.列举法
列举法,即通过对文章所列举的事物来猜测生词的词义。如:
(1) Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.
像dogs and monkeys之类的creatures,所以creatures 的意思应是“动物”。
(2) In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals: Time Magazine, News Week or The New Worker.
Periodicals 是生词,但根据其后所列举的例子可以推测出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“杂志”。
8.常识法
常识法,即根据常识推测生词的词义。如:
(1) It’s said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.
根据常识,Bill Gates 为世界首富,所以affluent可能是“富有的”。
(2) As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances.
根据常识,Edison 为发明大王,他因“发明”而闻名于世。
9类属法
类属法,即通过类属来猜测生词的词义。如:
Bananas, oranges, pinenapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.
从句意可知,pineapples ,coconuts 与bananas,oranges 是同类事物,同属水果(准确地说是菠萝和椰子)。
10.推理法
推理法,即根据文章的前后语境推测出生词的词义。如:
Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.
既然“她在选美比赛中获胜”,说明她“很美丽”。
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