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有关职称英语重点语法讲解:被动语态
在英语中,被动语态用来描述主语是动作的承受者,而非执行者的情况。这种语态通常会带有“be + 过去分词”的结构,其中“be”要根据主语和时态的不同进行变化。下面是小编整理的职称英语重点语法讲解:被动语态,希望能够帮到你。
被动语态考点聚焦
(一)被动语态的概念: 不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
(二)被动语态的构成方式: be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。
(三)被动语态的基本用法: (1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday。 An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday。 I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday。
②主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long。 He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。 The children were taken good care of (by her)。 Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to。
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如: People say he is a smart boy。 It is said that he is a smart boy。 He is said to be a smart boy。 People know paper was made in China first。 It is known that paper was made in China first。 Paper was known to be made in China first。 类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②表示状态的谓语动词,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
⑥宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
(3)主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。 This kind of cloth washes easily。这种布易洗。 These novels won’t sell well。这些小说不畅销。 My pen writes smoothly。我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 The door won’t lock。门锁不上。 The fish smells good。鱼闻起来香。
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。 The plan worked out successfully。 The lamps on the wall turn off。
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn’t fit to drink。 The girl isn’t easy to get along with。 另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench。(He seats himself on a bench。)坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door。(He hid himself behind the door。)他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉 ⑤be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt。
(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如: The book was sold by a certain bookstore。(被动语态) The book is well sold。(系表结构)
定义
在英语中,被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,虽然大多数句子都使用主动语态,但被动语态在英语中也是极为重要的,许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动语态。需要注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意:那些汉语中有“被……”的短语往往又不是被动语态,而是主系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:“known to me的意思,英语却应该用被动态。还要注意,英语的被动语态往往由“by”引出,而有用介词“by on foot”步行(美国人有时用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四轮马车)等等。还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动语态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢?首先要明确“将来进行无被动,现在完成时进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。
另外,不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂。下面口诀就以动词“do”为例,即“do、did”过去式“done”过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态。一定对你有所启示。 当然了,被动语态也可以概括为“be done”。也就是“be+过去分词”例如:be said。
一般用法
1.一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard by my mother.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
The new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
特殊用法
1.不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sickpeople. →The sickpeople is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成
be+done.
主动语态和被动语态的概念
1)He opened the door. 他开了门。
以上例句是一个主动句,主语是动作的执行者/发出者
2)The door was opened by him. 门被开了。
第二个例句是一个被动句,主语是动作的承受者
汉语中表示被动的词:被…/ 由…/ 受…/ 给…
英语中表被动用:be+过去分词构成
被动语态的结构及用法
1)被动语态的几种句型
肯定句:主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+(by)
eg: My phone was made in China.
否定句:主语+be not+过去分词+(by)
eg: My phone wasn’t made in China.
一般疑问句:Be+主语+过去分词+(by)?
eg: Was your phone made in China?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by)?
eg: Where was your phone made?
2)被动语态的用法
当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.
昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid.
他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by短语。
These books are written especially for children.
这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“这些书”)
被动语态的易错点
被动语态的易错点主要有以下几点:
在时间、条件状语从句中,要用一般现在时的被动语态表示将来时的被动语态。例如:
If I am given enough time, I will do it better. 给我足够的时间,我会做得更好。
固定结构中的介词或副词在被动结构中不可省去。例如:
Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。
有些动词如write, read, sell,wash, open等当强调动作执行情况时, 有被动语态; 当用作不及物动词来说明主语本身所具有的特征时,无被动语态。例如:
The computers were sold out, because they sell well. 电脑被卖光了,因为它们卖得好。The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
在“too…to…”结构和形容词enough to do结构中,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The problem is too difficult to work out. 这问题太难解决了。I am not enough strong to lift the box. 我没有足够的力量搬起这个箱子。
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