职称英语考试理工必备语法知识汇总
代词
(一)代词的分类：英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
(二)人称代词：人称代词代替人和事物的名称,分为主格和宾格两种形式。
1.主格用来作句子的主语、表语。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了?) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
2.宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)
3.人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如：--Who is it?(是谁?) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4.三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如：
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) –You and me.(你和我)
5.人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)—It’s fine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦?) –It’s 12：00.(12点) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)
部分名词用法辨析：
1.sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2.festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3.journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的`巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4.sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5.fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句，完全形式是：Why don't you +动词原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试?)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：记住几个结构：①sb./sth.+seem+(to be+)形容词+…;②sb./sth.+seem+like +…;③sb/sth+seem+to(do);④It seems that+从句。如：He seemed(to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.(被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心)/It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim.(除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：记住几个结构：①be afraid of sth;be afraid of(doing);②be afraid to(do);③be afraid that+从句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有点怕蛇)/Don't be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/I'm afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了，因为他犯了那么大的错误)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：记住几个结构：①be sorry for(sth);②be sorry for(doing sth);③be sorry to(do);④be sorry that+从句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(对不起，麻烦你了)/I am sorry(that) he isn't here at the moment.(恐怕他现在不在)
(5) be sure(确信)的用法：记住几个结构： ①be sure of(sth);②be sure to(do);③be sure that+从句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她给我讲过多次她一定会来的)/Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it's wrong.(你对你的答案有把握吗?也许是错的。)/I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的)
(6) make 与do的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do，表示创造建构某事物用make. 如：I don't know what to do.(我不知道该干什么)/I'm not going to do any work.(我不准备做什么)/My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)
此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good/harm/business/one's best/a favour……
make a decision/an effort/a mistake/a noise/a phone call/money/war/the bed/sure，……
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