2014职称英语《卫生A》真题及答案
第一部分：词汇选项
下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
1.His stomach felt hollow with fear.
A. empty
B. sincere
C. respectful
D. terrible
答案：A
2.The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated.
A. invented
B. reproduced
C. designed
D. reported
答案：B
3.His professional career spanned 16 years.
A. started
B. lasted
C. changed
D. moved
答案：B
4.She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.
A. homeword
B. act
C. justice
D. model
答案：B
5.The group does not advocate the use of violence.
A. support
B. limit
C. regulate
D. oppose
答案：A
6.Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.
A. silent
B. seated
C. true
D. motionless
答案：D
7.There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.
A. tendency
B. point
C. result
D. finding
答案：A
8.That uniform makes the guards look absurd.
A. ridiculous
B. serious
C. beautiful
D. impressive
答案：A
9.New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.
A. dull
B. amazing
C. depressing
D. predictable
答案：A
10.The country was torn apart by strife.
A. poverty
B conflict
C. war
D. economy
答案：B
11. This was disaster on a cosmic scale.
A. modest
B. huge
C. commercial
D. national
答案：B
12.A person’s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.
A. equal
B. opposite
C. certain
D. large
答案：B
13.The department deferred the decision for six months.
A. put off
B. arrived at
C. abided by
D. protested against
答案：A
14.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.
A. copy
B. publish
C. furnish
D. summarize
答案：C
15.The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.
A. eased
B. improved
C. relieved
D. appeared
答案：D
第二部分：阅读判断
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
‘Feed Me Better’
When British TV chef Jamie Oliver launched his ‘Feed Me Better’ campaign in 2004 in schools in the Greenwich area of London with the aim of improving the diet of British schoolchildren, some people were skeptical about the impact it would have. Oliver’s highly-publicized television campaign to improve school lunches led to dramatic changes in the meals offered to pupils in the Greenwich schools. In order to achieve his aim Oliver needed to show schools how to swap(交换)cheap processed meals, which were high in saturated fat(饱和脂肪),salt, and sugar, for healthier options.
Now, research at the institute for Social and Economic Research(ISER)has shown that Oliver’ s experiment did not only help pupils eat more healthily, it also resulted in them performing better at school in English and Science and in helping schools reduce their rates of absenteeism(缺勤). The ISER study, carried out by Michele Belont and Jonathan James, showed ‘substantial’ positive effects, with the performance of 11-year-old pupils eating Oliver’s meals improving by up to 8% in Science and by as much as 6% in English. In addition, the number of children having authorized absences for sickness since 2004 showed a 14% decrease.
The ISER study analysed the academic test results of more than 13,000 children in Greenwich between 2002 and 2007 to evaluate the impact of Oliver’s healthier meals on school performance. Pupils who sat exams in 2006-2007 had been on the new diet for at least 12 months, and the researchers found that the number of pupils reaching higher levels of achievement had clearly risen. The study also compared the results of the school in Greenwich with those of pupils of the same age in seven other London areas who did not eat the meals created by Oliver. The researchers were surprised by the speed of improvements in the Greenwich pupils. They could find no other explanation for the results except for the healthier and more nutritious meals created by Oliver.
Commenting on ISER’s findings, Oliver said he felt the research proved that he was right in his decision to remove fatty processed food and replace it with nutrient-rich(营养的) foods such as coconut(椰子) ,fish, and broccoli(花椰菜). He commented that ‘we could see that it made them calmer and therefore able to learn’.
16. The ‘Feed Me Better’ campaign targeted a healthier diet at schoolchildren.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：A
17. Everyone believed the campaign should be successful.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：B
18. The ISER is an institute that does research on pupils’ performance in sport.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：B
19. The pupils in Greenwich said they liked the healthier meals.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：C
20. The number of pupils who asked for sick leave decreased.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：A
21. The ISER did not do a comparative study on the impact of the new diet.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：B
22. The healthier diet has helped schoolchildren improve academically.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
答案：A
第三部分：概括大意与完成句子
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试，任务：(1)1-4题 要求从所给的4个选项中为段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第5-8题 要求从所给的5个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。
Aromatherapy(芳香疗法)
1. Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine which is based on the use of very concentrated ‘essential’ oils from the flowers, leaves, bark, branches or roots of plants which are considered to have healing properties. In aromatherapy these powerful oils are mixed with other oils, such as almond(杏仁)oil, or they are diluted(稀释)with water. These solutions(溶液剂)can be rubbed on the skin, sprayed in the air, or applies as a compress(敷药).
2. Many people have aromatherapy massages(按摩)， and depending on the treatment a person is having, the aromatherapist will massage the oil into the hands or shoulders. The massage is smooth and flowing, as it is designed to create a sense of relaxation and calm. The sessions are tailored to the individual’s health and mood at the time, so every session is unique.
3. Practitioners of aromatherapy believe that the aroma of the ‘essential’ oils directly stimulates the brain or that the oils are absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream where they can affect the whole body and promote healing. Other clams in support of aromatherapy are that it aids digestion improves the functioning of respiratory system, reduces muscular aches and pains, and promotes muscle relaxation and tone. It has also been argued that aromatherapy can improve circulation, lower blood pressure, and help combat insomnia(失眠) and other stress-related disorders such as tension headaches, anxiety, and mild depression.
4. However, while aromatherapy may have real effects that promote a sense of well-being, some traditional medicine practitioners remain doubtful about its powers. While research has confirmed that aromatherapy does have some positive short-term effects on most people, it also suggests that aromatherapy is not an actual science or medicine that should be used to treat illness. Furthermore, not all aromatherapy is considered beneficial to health. There are precautions which should be taken before having aromatherapy because some oils can have negative effects on people with certain medical conditions. The study of aromatherapy is relatively new and unexplored. More research needs to be conducted to make scientific conclusions about its use and effects.
23. Paragraph 1 __________ 答案：F
24. Paragraph 2 __________ 答案：E
25. Paragraph 3 __________ 答案：A
26. Paragraph 4 __________ 答案：C
A. Current research into aromatherapy
B. Aromatherapy and conventional medicine
C. Different views about aromatherapy
D. Introduction to aromatherapy
E. Doubts about the benefits aromatherapy
F. Personalized aromatherapy massage
27. Aromatherapy is a mixture oil from parts of the plants to
答案：E
28. The sessions of aromatherapy massages are designed to
答案：A
29. Aromatherapy is believed to ______ in various ways
答案：C
30. The used and benefits of aromatherapy need to
答案：B
A. suit different people
B. be further explored
C. help the disabled
D. be used externally
E. have healing effects
F. be promoted
第四部分：阅读理解。
短文后有5道题，每题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的'问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
第一篇 A New Strategy to Overcome Breast Cancer
Post-menopausal(绝经后)women who walk for an hour a day can cut their chance of breast cancer significantly , a study has suggested. The report ,which followed 73,000 women for 17 years , found walking for at least seven hours a week lowered the risk of the disease . The American Cancer Society team said this was the first time reduced risk was specifically linked to walking. UK experts said it was more evidence that lifestyle influenced cancer risk.
A recent poll for the charity Ramblers a quarter of adults walk for no more than an hour a week , but being active is known to reduce the risk of a number of cancers . This study, published in Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention , followed 73.615 women out of 97,785 aged 50-74 who had been recruited by the American Cancer Society between 1992 and 1993,so it could monitor the incidence of cancer in the group.
They were asked to complete questionnaires on their health and on how much time they were active and participating in activities such as walking , swimming and aerobics(有氧运动)and how much time they spent sitting watching television or reading . They completed the same questionnaires at two-year intervals between 1997 and 2009.Of the women,47% said walking was their only recreational activity . Those who walked for at least seven hours per week had a 14% lower risk of breast cancer compared to those who walked three or fewer hours per week.
Dr. Alpa Patel , a senior epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta , Georgia , who led the study , said:”Given that more than 60% of women report some daily walking , promoting walking as a healthy leisure-time activity could be an effective strategy for increasing physical activity amongst post-menopausal women . We were pleased to find that without any other recreational activity, just walking one hour a day was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in these women.””More strenuous(紧张的)and longer activities lowered the risk even more.”
Baroness Delyth Morgan, chief executive of Breast Cancer Campaign , said:”This study adds further evidence that our lifestyle choices can play a part in influencing the risk of breast cancer and even small changes incorporate into our normal day-to-day activity can make a difference.”
She added:”We know that the best weapon to overcoming breast cancer is the ability to stop it occurring in the first place. The challenge now is how we turn these
findings into action and identify other sustainable lifestyle changes that will help us prevent breast cancer.”
31. All of the following factors relating to cancer risk were mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________
A. regular walking
B. breathing exercise
C. recreational activity
D. lifestyle choices
答案：B
32. It can be inferred from Dr. Alpa Patel’s study that____.
A. daily walking could cut the chance of breast cancer
B. women have fewer chances of physical activity
C. leisure-time activity is not associated with cancer risk
D. walking is not recommended for women with breast cancer
答案：A
33. Dr. Alpa Patel was_____.
A. chief editor of Cancer Epidemiology
B. chair of the American Cancer Society
C. chief executive of Breast Cancer Campaign
D. head of the survey study
答案：D
34. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. Most women take walking as their only recreational activity.
B. The study aims to track the health conditions of its subjects.
C. Irregular walking increased the risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women
D. Walking was the only recreational activity for about half of the women surveyed.
答案：D
35. The word “sustainable” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _______ .
A. affordable
B. available
C. persistent
D. continuable
答案：D
第二篇：
Around 45% of the UK’s carbon dioxide emissions come from the energy people use every----at home and when they travel . In order to generate that energy, fossil fuels (coal oil, and gas) are burnt, and these produce greenhouse gases--- in particular carbon dioxide (CO2) a year, and it is the same CO2 that is changing the climate and damaging the environment.
CO2 and various other gases wrap the earth in an invisible blanket helping to prevent heat from escaping. Without this greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth would be around -18℃, compared with the current average of around +15℃. The composition of this blanket of gases has remained relatively constant for many thousands of years. However, since the industrial revolution began around 200 years ago, people have been burning increasing amounts of fossil fuels, thus releasing more CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the process. This has increased the heating effect of the blanket, trapping more of the sun’s energy inside the Earth’s atmosphere in turn the Earth’s temperature has increased more rapidly in a shorter pennd of there that it has for thousands of years.
In 2008, the total UK CO2 emissions were 533 million tones 27% (144 million tonnes ) of those emissions came from the energy used to heat, light, and power homes. Transport emissions caused by passenger cars, buses and motorcycles accounted for a further 16% (87 million tonnes ) of the UK’s CO2 emissions. These figures show that a significant amount of CO2 results from ordinary citizens’ carbon footprint in their daily activities and lifestyle.
The effects of climate change can be seen all around us. Weather patterns are cecoming more and more fractured and uncertain, and over the last century trends in warm weather have become increasingly common. In the UK in the last 40 years, winters have grown warmer with much heavier rainfall. One of the clearest shifts over the last 200 years is towards summers that are hotter and drier, causing pervasive water shortages. Recent years have been the hottest since records began and during August 2003 the hottest outdoor temperature in the UK was recorded ---38.5.
36. What is the author’s main aim?
A. To explain the greenhouse effect
B. To describe the effects of climate change in the UK
C. To show how much CO2 is produced by ordinary people’s activities
D. To illustrate how industrial activity create the greenhouse effect
答案：B
37. What is the author’s opinion about the level of CO2 emissions in the UK?
A. The majority of CO2 emissions come from motorized transport.
B. CO2 emissions may cause climate change in the future
C. More CO2 emissions come from homes than from cars
D. The average citizen does not create much CO2
答案：C
38. CO2 emissions from vehicles
A. are a more serious problem than energy shortage
B. do not cause any problems
C. are high because the average household owns a car
D. contribute considerably to greenhouse gases
答案：D
39. The results of climate change in the UK can be seen in
A. cooler summers
B. water supply
C. warmer winters
D. stronger winds
答案：C
40. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Ways of reducing the UK’s CO2 emissions
B. UK citizens’ carbon footprint
C. The effect of industry on climate change in the UK
D. Changes in weather patterns in the UK
答案：C
第三篇：First Sell-contained Heart Implanted
A patient on the brink of death has received the world’s first self-contained artificial heart—a battery-powered device about the size of a softball that runs without the need for wires, tubes or hoses sticking out of the chest.
Two surgeons from the University of Louisville implanted the titanium and plastic pump during a sever-hour operation at Jewish Hospital Monday. The hospital said the patient was “awake and responsive” Tuesday and resting comfortably. It refused to release personal details.
The patient had been expected to die within a month without the operation, and doctors said they expected the artificial heart to extend the person’s life by only a month. But the device is considered a major step toward improving the patient’s quality of life.
The new pump, called AbioCor, is also a technological leap from the mechanical hearts used in the 1980s, which were attached by wires and tubes to bulky machinery outside the body. The most famous of those, the Jarvic-7, used air as a pumping device and was attached to an apparatus about the size of a washing machine.
“I think it’s potentially a major step forward in the artificial heart development,” said Dr. David Faxon, president of the American heart Association. However, he said the dream of an implantable, permanent artificial heart is not yet a reality: “This is obviously an experimental device whose long-term success has to be demonstrated.”
Only about half of the 4,200 Americans on a waiting list for donor hearts received them last year, and most of the rest died. Some doctors, including Robert Higgins, chairman of cardiology at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, said artificial hearts are unlikely to replace donor hears.
“A donor heart in a good transplant can last 15 to 30 years,” he said. “It’s going to be hard to replace that with a machine.”
41. The first two paragraphs tell that the sell-contained artificial heart
A. had brought the patient to the brink of death
B. did not need to get power from outside the body
C. was made of titanium and pump
D. was invented by two surgeons from the University of Louisville
答案：C
42. According to the report, patient who received the first self-contained heart
A. was said to be in a good condition the next day after operation
B. could not afford a donor heart
C. died two months after the heart implantation
D. was reluctant to release his or her personal information
答案：A
43. We can learn from Paragraph 4 that the Jarvic-7 is
A. the most expensive mechanical heart
B. a mechanical heart used in the 1980s
C. as advanced as AbioCor
D. replacing AbioCo
答案：B
44. According to Dr . David Faxon, the self-contained heart is
A. a milestone in the artificial heart development
B. still in the experimental stage
C. an implantable, permanent artificial heart
D. unavailable to all those Americans waiting for donor hearts
答案：B
45. It can be inferred from the passage that donor hearts
A. will be replaced by self-contained artificial hearts sooner or later
B. are more popular and cheaper than self-contained artificial hearts
C. saved the lives of about 2,100 Americans the year before the report
D. can help patients survive less than 15 years if they are in good transplant
答案：A
第五部分：补全短文
阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
Wrongly Convicted Man and His Accuser Tell Their Story
NEW YORK,NY, January 5,2010. St.Martin’s Press has announced the release of the paperback edition of Picking Cotton, a remarkable true story of what novelist John Grisham calls an “account of violence, rage, redemption(救赎)，and, ultimately forgiveness.”
The story began in 1987, in Burlington, North Carolina, with the rape of a young while college student named Jennifer Thompson. During her ordeal, Thompson swore to herself that she would never forget the face of her rapist, a man who climbed through the window of her apartment and assaulted her brutally.________(46) When the police asked her if she could identify the assailant(袭击者)from a book of mug shots, she picked one that she was sure was correct, and later she identified the same man in a lineup.
Based on her convincing eyewitness testimony, a 22-year-old black man named Ronald Cotton was sentenced to prison for two life terms. Cotton’s lawyer appealed the decision, and by the time of the appeals hearing, evidence had come to light suggesting that the real rapist might have been a man who looked very like Cotton, an imprisoned criminal named Bobby Poole._______ (47) Jennifer Thompson looked at both men face to face, and once again said that Ronald Cotton was the one who raped her.
Eleven years later, DNA evidence completely exonerated(证明……清白)Cotton and just as unequivocally(明确地) convicted Poole, who confessed to the crime. ________(48) “The man I was so sure I had never seen in my life was the man who was inches from my throat, who raped me, who hurt me, who took my spirit away, who robbed me of my soul,” she wrote. “And the man I had identified so surely on so many occasions was absolutely innocent.”
_______ (49) Remarkably both were able to put this tragedy behind them, overcome the racial barrier that divided them, and write a book, which they have subtitled “Our memoir of injustice and redemption.”
Nevertheless, Thompson says, she still lives “with constant pain that my profound mistake cost him so dearly______ (50)”
A. Another trial was held.
B. I cannot begin to imagine what would have happened had my mistaken identification occurred in a capital case
C. Thompson was shocked and devastated.
D. Jennifer Thompson decided to meet Cotton and apologize to him personally.
E. During the attack, she made an effort to memorize every detail of his face , looking for scars , tattoos (纹身) or other identifying marks.
F. Many criminals are sent to prison on the basis of accurate testimony by eyewitnesses.
答案：46. E 47. A 48.C 49.D 50.B
第六部分：完形填空
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
More about Alzheimer's Disease
Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict ________ (51) is at risk of getting this neurological disorder.
The only current means of ________ (52) the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.(痴呆)
“ Since Alois Alzheimer described the ________ (53) nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to ________ (54) diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. "This discovery, if ________ (55) , could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. ”
Alzheimer's is the single greatest ________ (56) of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2. 5 million and 4 million people in the United States ________ (57). The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known _______ (58) for the disease.
Researches ________ (59) that the skin cells of Alzheimer' s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 Alzheimer's ________ (60) from physiological changes throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects ________ (61) the cells in the brain, scientists said.
The flow of potassium is especially ________ (62) in cells responsible ________ (63) memory formation8. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium, another critical element.
One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that ________ (64) the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important ________ (65) , but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.
51. A. what B. one C. it D. who
52. A. fighting B. carrying C. transmitting D. diagnosing
53. A. answer B. effect C. disease D. study
54. A. slowly B. accurately C. newly D. incorrectly
55. A. designed B. announced C. confirmed D. reported
56. A. cause B. factor C. focus D. exception
57. A. finally B. lonely C. yet D. alone
58. A. examination B. evidence C. treatment D. fact
59. A. discovered B. predicted C. expected D. warned
60. A. keeps B. breaks C. results D. translates
61. A. affect B. remove C. collect D. form
62. A. steady B. natural C. continuous D. critical
63. A. at B. out C. for D. of
64. A. start B. get C. follow D. govern
65. A. chance B. concept C. development D. decision
答案：
51-55：DDCBC
56-60：CDCAC
61-65：ADCDC
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