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Preface
前言
The discovery of the atom and the subsequentdevelopment and utilization of nuclear energy gave anew impetus to the progress of humanity andgreatly enhanced mankind's ability to understandand shape the world. Yet, the development ofnuclear energy has associated risks and challenges.For mankind to better utilize nuclear energy andachieve even greater progress, it is necessary tomake innovations in nuclear technologies, ensure nuclear safety and do well in nuclearemergency preparedness. While nuclear safety constitutes a lifeline for the sustained andhealthy development of nuclear energy, nuclear emergency preparedness serves as animportant safeguard for its sustained and healthy development.
原子的发现和核能的开发利用给人类社会发展带来新的动力，极大增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。核能发展伴随着核安全风险和挑战。人类要更好利用核能、实现更大发展，必须创新核技术、确保核安全、做好核应急。核安全是核能事业持续健康发展的生命线，核应急是核能事业持续健康发展的重要保障。
Nuclear emergency preparedness denotes the emergency actions taken to control, contain andmitigate a nuclear accident, and to minimize the consequences of such accidents, which aredifferent from the normal order and working procedure. They are emergency response actionsguided by the government, assisted by the relevant enterprises, coordinated among all theinvolved parties and implemented in a unified manner. Nuclear emergency preparedness is ofparamount importance and bears on the overall situation, and is therefore of criticalsignificance to the protection of the general public, the environment and social stability aswell as safeguarding national security.
核应急是为了控制核事故、缓解核事故、减轻核事故后果而采取的不同于正常秩序和正常工作程序的紧急行为，是政府主导、企业配合、各方协同、统一开展的应急行动。核应急事关重大、涉及全局，对于保护公众、保护环境、保障社会稳定、维护国家安全具有重要意义。
China has consistently given top priority to nuclear safety in its peaceful use of nuclearenergy, and has persisted in an overall national security concept by advocating a rational,coordinated and balanced nuclear safety outlook. China has followed the approach of enhancingsafety for the sake of development and promoting development by upholding safety in anunrelenting effort to bring the dual goals of development and safety in alignment with eachother. In the past six decades or so, the Chinese people have been working with stamina anddiligence in the pursuit of nuclear energy utilization, with splendid achievements. At the sametime, the Chinese people have been sparing no effort to improve nuclear safety techniques,enforce rigorous nuclear safety supervision, strengthen nuclear emergency managementand ensure that nuclear energy has always maintained a sound safety record.
中国始终把核安全放在和平利用核能事业首要位置，坚持总体国家安全观，倡导理性、协调、并进的核安全观，秉持为发展求安全、以安全促发展的理念，始终追求发展和安全两个目标有机融合。半个多世纪以来，中国人民奋发图强、历尽艰辛，创建发展核能事业并取得辉煌成就。同时，不断改进核安全技术，实施严格的核安全监管，加强核应急管理，核能事业始终保持良好安全记录。
Nuclear accidents know no national boundaries, and everything related to nuclear emergencymanagement is too important to be taken lightly. Drawing on the lessons learned from theThree Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents, China has come to a profoundunderstanding of the utmost importance of nuclear emergencies, and the need to continuouslystrengthen and improve nuclear emergency preparedness and responses with a view toconstantly enhancing the nuclear safety safeguard level. China has made great strides in afull range of nuclear emergency-related activities, including the enactment of regulations,codes and standards, the establishment of institutional and regulatory regimes, the building-up of basic capabilities, the fostering of professional personnel, related exercises and drills,public communication, and international cooperation and exchanges. This has not onlyprovided a robust safeguard for China's own nuclear energy development, but also contributedactively to the promotionof a fair, open, collaborative and mutually beneficial internationalnuclear safety emergency framework and mankind's sharing of nuclear energy developmentachievements.
核事故影响无国界，核应急管理无小事。总结三哩岛核事故、切尔诺贝利核事故、福岛核事故的教训，中国更加深刻认识到核应急的极端重要性，持续加强和改进核应急准备与响应工作，不断提升中国核安全保障水平。中国在核应急法律法规标准建设、体制机制建设、基础能力建设、专业人才培养、演习演练、公众沟通、国际合作与交流等方面取得巨大进步，既为自身核能事业发展提供坚强保障，也为推动建立公平、开放、合作、共赢的国际核安全应急体系，促进人类共享核能发展成果作出积极贡献。
I.Current Situation of Nuclear EnergyDevelopment and Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness
一、核能发展与核应急基本形势
It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked on itsnuclear industry. Over the past more than sixdecades China has made constant endeavors in thepeaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting theextensive application of nuclear technologies tosuch areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, theenvironment and energy. In particular, since theintroduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China’s nuclear energy sectorhas seen particularly rapid development.
20世纪50年代中期，中国创建核工业。60多年来，中国致力于和平利用核能事业，发展推动核技术在工业、农业、医学、环境、能源等领域广泛应用。特别是改革开放以来，中国核能事业得到更大发展。
The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component of China’s nuclearenergy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. Chinahas consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development andsafety, and implemented the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient mannerby adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainlandof China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating unitshad been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nucleargenerating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction.China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) andHigh Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectualproperty rights. Constructionof the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced.The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours,signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors.
发展核电是中国核能事业的重要组成部分。核电是一种清洁、高效、优质的现代能源。中国坚持发展与安全并重原则，执行安全高效发展核电政策，采用最先进的技术、最严格的标准发展核电。1985年3月，中国大陆第一座核电站——秦山核电站破土动工。截至2015年10月底，中国大陆运行核电机组27台，总装机容量2550万千瓦;在建核电机组25台，总装机容量2751万千瓦。中国开发出具有自主知识产权的大型先进压水堆、高温气冷堆核电技术。“华龙一号”核电技术示范工程投入建设。中国实验快堆实现满功率稳定运行72小时，标志着已经掌握快堆关键技术。
With the development of the nuclear energy sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency workhave seen steady synchronous reinforcement. China’s nuclear facilities and nuclear activitieshave all along been in safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclearpower stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power generatingunits in China’s mainland has suffered events or accidents rated above Level 2 under theInternational Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous andliquid effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the under-constructionnuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance, safety supervision andemergency preparedness systems.
伴随着核能事业的发展，核安全与核应急同步得到加强。中国的核设施、核活动始终保持安全稳定状态，特别是核电安全水平不断提高。中国大陆所有运行核电机组未发生过国际核与辐射事件分级表二级以上事件和事故，气态和液态流出物排放远低于国家标准限值。在建核电机组质量保证、安全监管、应急准备体系完整。
China has always attached great importance to nuclear emergency work by taking a highlyresponsible attitude toward the safety of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclearemergency management. Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work intandem with the decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake ofthe Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its nuclear powerdevelopment policy, while stressing that a good job would be done on nuclear emergencypreparedness - with the result that national nuclear emergency work got off the ground in1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Committee was inaugurated andcommissioned to make overall planning and coordinate nuclear accident emergencypreparations and rescue work nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated the Regulations onEmergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclearemergency by regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan (Scenario)was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations and response in theform of a governmental decision. To cater to the needs of nuclear power development,multiple revisions have since been made to the original Plan and the latest version of NationalNuclear Emergency Plan has been enacted. At present, China’s nuclear emergencymanagement and preparations have seen comprehensive upgrades in terms of system,specialization, standards and scientific rigor.
中国高度重视核应急，始终以对人民安全和社会安全高度负责的态度强化核应急管理。早在作出发展核电决策之时就同步部署安排核应急工作。切尔诺贝利核事故发生后，中国明确表示发展核电方针不变，强调必须做好核应急准备，1986年即开展国家核应急工作。1991年，成立国家核事故应急委员会，统筹协调全国核事故应急准备和救援工作。1993年，发布《核电厂核事故应急管理条例》，对核应急作出基本规范。1997年，发布第一部《国家核应急计划(预案)》，对核应急准备与响应作出部署，之后，为适应核能发展需要，多次进行修订形成《国家核应急预案》。目前，中国核应急管理与准备工作的体系化、专业化、规范化、科学化水平全面提升。
Under China’s medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020 the in-operationnuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the mainland of China plus anadditional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By 2030 endeavors will have beenmade to put into place science and technology R&D systems along with their associatedindustrial systems representing the global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensurethat nuclear power technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in theinternational market, thereby meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power country.Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements, China is still confrontedwith shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of technology, equipment, neededprofessionals, capacity and standards, which are the same problems encountered by othercountries in developing nuclear energy. China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergencymanagement and raise its nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation,scientific and technological innovation, and management innovation.
按照中国核电中长期发展规划目标，到2020年，中国大陆运行核电装机容量将达到5800万千瓦，在建3000万千瓦左右;到2030年，力争形成能够体现世界核电发展方向的科技研发体系和配套工业体系，核电技术装备在国际市场占据相当份额，全面实现建设核电强国目标。面对核能事业发展新形势新挑战，中国核应急在技术、装备、人才、能力、标准等方面还存在一定不足，这也是其他国家在开发利用核能进程中面临的共同课题。中国将通过理念创新、科技创新、管理创新，不断强化国家核应急管理，把核应急提高到新水平。
II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
二、核应急方针政策
As a large developing country, China has laid down basic guidelines and policies applicable tonuclear emergency preparedness through enactment of laws, administrative regulations andissuance of government decrees in the course of nuclear energy development.
中国是发展中大国，在发展核能进程中，通过制定法律、行政法规和发布政令等方式，确定核应急基本方针政策。
The basic objectives of nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: scientific coordinationaccording to law, timely and effectively coping with nuclear accidents, maximallycontrolling/mitigating or eliminating accidents, minimizing human casualties/fatalities andproperty damages, protecting the public and the environment, maintaining social order andsafeguarding the people’s safety and national security.
中国核应急基本目标是：依法科学统一、及时有效应对处置核事故，最大程度控制、缓解或消除事故，减轻事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失，保护公众，保护环境，维护社会秩序，保障人民安全和国家安全。
The basic policy of nuclear emergency management in China is: constant vigilance, versatilecompatibility, unified command, active coordination, public safeguard and environmentalprotection.
中国核应急基本方针是：常备不懈、积极兼容，统一指挥、大力协同，保护公众、保护环境。
Constant vigilance, versatile compatibility. Nuclear emergency organizations at all levelsshould stay alert and vigilant at all times in readiness to respond to possible nuclearaccidents at any time. A nuclear emergency preparation and response system featuringcoordination of dedicated and standby systems, rational deployment of resources,combination of routine exercises and actual emergency response, and integration ofcivilian and military resources is to be established and perfected. Nuclear emergency workmust be planned and deployed in an overall manner together with other activities andimplemented compatibly with them.
常备不懈、积极兼容。各级核应急组织以“养兵千日，用兵一时”的态度，充分准备，随时应对可能发生的核事故。建立健全专兼配合、资源整合、平战结合、军民融合的核应急准备与响应体系。核应急与其他工作统筹规划、统筹部署、兼容实施。
Unified command, active coordination. Operators of nuclear installations shall coordinateand direct on-site nuclear accident emergency response actions in a unified manner, andgovernments at all levels shall coordinate and direct nuclear accident emergency responseactions within their respective jurisdictions in a unified manner. Under the unifiedorganization and direction of the government, nuclear emergency organizations, relevantdepartments, relevant enterprises, professional teams, social organizations and militaryrescue units shall work in coordination with one another in a joint effort to complete nuclearaccident emergency response actions.
统一指挥、大力协同。核设施营运单位统一协调指挥场内核事故应急响应行动，各级政府统一协调指挥本级管辖区域内核事故应急响应行动。在政府统一组织指挥下，核应急组织、相关部门、相关企业、专业力量、社会组织以及军队救援力量等协同配合，共同完成核事故应急响应行动。
Public safeguard and environmental protection. Public safeguard constitutes thefundamental objective of nuclear emergency preparedness, and it is incumbent upon us totake the attitude and actions that everything is for the people in coping with nuclear accidents.Environmental protection should be viewed as the fundamental requirement of nuclearemergency preparedness in such a way that every effort is made to minimize the release ofradioactive substances and do our best to control, mitigate and eliminate damages to theenvironment.
保护公众、保护环境。把保护公众作为核应急的根本宗旨，以一切为了人民的态度和行动应对处置核事故。把保护环境作为核应急的根本要求，尽可能把核事故造成的放射性物质释放降到最小，最大程度控制、减轻或消除对环境的危害。
The basic principles underlying nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: unifiedleadership, different levels of responsibility, tiered arrangements, coordination between thelocality and the military, quick response, and scientific handling.
中国核应急基本原则是：统一领导、分级负责，条块结合、军地协同，快速反应、科学处置。
Unified leadership, different levels of responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the centralgovernment, China has established a nuclear emergency management system featuringassignment of responsibility to different levels. The operator of the relevant nuclearinstallation is the major body of accountability for on-site emergency work. The people’sgovernment at the provincial level is the major body of accountability for off-site emergencyactivities in its jurisdiction.
统一领导、分级负责。在中央政府统一领导下，中国建立分级负责的核应急管理体系。核设施营运单位是核事故场内应急工作责任主体。省级人民政府是本行政区域核事故场外应急工作责任主体。
Tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military. Nuclear emergencyinvolves the central and the local, the military and the government, on-site and off-site,specialized techniques and social administration. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold theprinciples of uniform deployment and centralized planning, mutual support, mutualcoordination, and comprehensive rescue at all times.
条块结合、军地协同。核应急涉及中央与地方、军队与政府、场内与场外、专业技术与社会管理等方面，必须坚持统筹兼顾、相互配合、大力协同、综合施救。
Quick response, scientific handling. When a nuclear accident occurs, all levels of nuclearemergency organizations shall be mobilized at the earliest possible time to rapidly control andmitigate the accident to minimize any impact on the public and the environment. Everyeffort shall be made to take into account the characteristics and rules applicable to nuclearaccidents as the basis for organizing studies and evaluations to enable scientific decision-making, and enforce a full range of response actions in an effective manner, includingradiation monitoring, worksite rescue, decontamination and cleansing, radiation protectionand medical treatment, and so forth.
快速反应、科学处置。核事故发生后，各级核应急组织及早介入，迅速控制缓解事故，减轻对公众和环境的影响。遵循应对处置核事故特点规律，组织开展分析研判，科学决策，有效实施辐射监测、工程抢险、去污洗消、辐射防护、医学救援等响应行动。
III.All-round Promotion of Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness
三、核应急"一案三制"建设
China lays great store by the planning, andlegislative/institutional/regulatory systems (knownin Chinese as "One Planning plus Three Systems")associated with nuclear emergency preparedness,and ensures the establishment and full functioningof a national nuclear emergency management systemthrough the safeguards of legislation, institutionand regulations.
中国高度重视核应急的预案和法制、体制、机制(简称"一案三制")建设，通过法律制度保障、体制机制保障，建立健全国家核应急组织管理体系。
Strengthening national nuclear emergency planning system building. The National NuclearEmergency Plan is an action program pre-set by the central government to cope with nuclearaccident scenarios. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan lays down a whole set of regulations onthe organizational system, command and coordination mechanism, emergency responseclassification, post-accident restoration actions, and emergency preparation and safeguardmeasures related to nuclear emergency preparation and response actions. In line with therequirements of the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, governments at all levels and nuclearinstallation operators must draw up nuclear emergency plans fully in keeping with the NationalNuclear Emergency Plan, so as to form a nationwide system of nuclear emergency planning.
加强全国核应急预案体系建设。《国家核应急预案》是中央政府应对处置核事故预先制定的工作方案。《国家核应急预案》对核应急准备与响应的组织体系、核应急指挥与协调机制、核事故应急响应分级、核事故后恢复行动、应急准备与保障措施等作了全面规定。按照《国家核应急预案》要求，各级政府部门和核设施营运单位制定核应急预案，形成相互配套衔接的全国核应急预案体系。
Strengthening nuclear emergency legislative system building. China has put in place its ownnuclear emergency legal framework, comprising state laws, administrative regulations,departmental rules, national and industrial standards, and management guidelines. As early asAugust 1993 China put into effect the Regulations on Emergency Management of NuclearAccidents at Nuclear Power Plants. Since the beginning of this century China has, in succession,enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of RadioactivePollution and Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China, providing regulationsand requirements from the legal perspective on nuclear emergency preparedness. In July2015 the newly revised State Security Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated,further reinforcing the nuclear accident emergency system and emergency response capacitybuilding to prevent, control and eliminate damage to the life and health of the general publicand ecological environment. In keeping with the foregoing laws and regulations, relevantdepartments of the government have worked out and put into effect their respective regulationsand management guidelines, and relevant institutions and nuclear-related industries havedrawn up applicable technical standards. The military also has drawn up relevantregulations, and established systems governing emergency rescue actions associated withnuclear emergency preparedness. Currently efforts are being made to push forward thelegislative process associated with the Atomic Energy Law and Nuclear Safety Law.
加强核应急法制建设。中国基本形成国家法律、行政法规、部门规章、国家和行业标准、管理导则于一体的核应急法律法规标准体系。早在1993年8月就颁布实施《核电厂核事故应急管理条例》。进入本世纪以来，又先后颁布实施《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》，从法律层面对核应急作出规定和要求。2015年7月，新修订的《中华人民共和国国家安全法》开始实施，进一步强调加强核事故应急体系和应急能力建设，防止、控制和消除核事故对公众生命健康和生态环境的危害。与这些法律法规相配套，政府相关部门制定相应的部门规章和管理导则，相关机构和涉核行业制定技术标准。军队制定参加核电厂核事故应急救援条例等相关法规和规章制度。目前，正积极推进原子能法、核安全法立法进程。
Strengthening nuclear emergency management system building. China implements a nuclearemergency management system featuring unified leadership at the national level, overallcoordination, assignment of responsibilities to different levels and emphasis on localizedadministration. The nuclear emergency management is led and placed under theresponsibility of the department designated by the central government. The governments ofthe province (autonomous region or centrally administered municipality) wherein nuclearinstallations are located are responsible for nuclear emergency management within theirrespective jurisdictions. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation and its seniorcompetent authority (unit) shall be responsible for on-site emergency management.Wherever necessary, the central government will lead, organize and coordinate nuclearemergency management at the national level.
加强核应急管理体制建设。中国核应急实行国家统一领导、综合协调、分级负责、属地管理为主的管理体制。全国核应急管理工作由中央政府指定部门牵头负责。核设施所在地的省(区、市)人民政府指定部门负责本行政区域内的核应急管理工作。核设施营运单位及其上级主管部门(单位)负责场内核应急管理工作。必要时，由中央政府领导、组织、协调全国的核事故应急管理工作。
Strengthening nuclear emergency mechanism building. China implements a nuclearemergency organization and coordination mechanism featuring leadership by onedepartment and participation by multiple departments. At the national level, a NationalNuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee has been set up comprising relevantgovernmental and military departments with the following main responsibilities: implementingstate nuclear emergency work guidelines, drawing up national policies for nuclear emergencymanagement, uniformly coordinating emergency activities at the national level, and deciding,organizing and commanding emergency assistance response actions. A National NuclearEmergency Office has also been set up to undertake the routine work of the National NuclearAccident Emergency Coordination Committee. At the provincial (regional and municipal)levels, nuclear emergency coordination bodies have been established, and operators ofnuclear installations have set up their respective nuclear emergency bodies. At the national andprovincial (regional and municipal) levels and within the operators of the nuclear installations,committees of experts or the support organizations thereof have been established to provideadvice and suggestions on nuclear emergency preparedness and response.
加强核应急机制建设。中国实行由一个部门牵头、多个部门参与的核应急组织协调机制。在国家层面，设立国家核事故应急协调委员会，由政府和军队相关部门组成，主要职责是：贯彻国家核应急工作方针，拟定国家核应急工作政策，统一协调全国核事故应急，决策、组织、指挥应急支援响应行动。同时设立国家核事故应急办公室，承担国家核事故应急协调委员会日常工作。在省(区、市)层面，设立核应急协调机构。核设施营运单位设立核应急组织。国家和各相关省(区、市)以及核设施营运单位建立专家委员会或支撑机构，为核应急准备与响应提供决策咨询和建议。
IV.Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency CapabilitiesV.Main Measures to Cope with NuclearAccidents
核事故应对处置主要措施
By referring the advanced international standardsand drawing on worldwide mature experience, Chinahas defined working measures to control, mitigateand cope with nuclear accidents commensuratewith its national conditions and actual situation ofnuclear energy development.
中国参照国际先进标准，汲取国际成熟经验，结合国情和核能发展实际，制定了控制、缓解、应对核事故的工作措施。
Implementing the defense-in-depth concept. Five lines of defense have been set up underwhich the nuclear emergency preparedness threshold is moved ahead and multiple barriers areinstalled to strengthen nuclear safety, prevent accidents and mitigate the consequences of anaccident. The five lines of defense are: First, the quality of design, manufacturing,construction and operation shall be assured to prevent deviation from normal operation;second, operation procedures and operation technical specifications shall be rigorously followedand observed to ensure that each nuclear generating unit is operated within the defined safetyrange, any deviations therefrom are detected and corrected in a timely manner, and anyabnormal operation is controlled to prevent it from evolving into an accident; third, in case adeviation fails to be corrected in a timely manner, plant safety and protection systems shallbe automatically activated upon occurrence of an accident within the design datum, andemergency operationsshall be organized to prevent the situation deteriorating; fourth, in casean accident fails to be controlled effectively, accident handling procedures shall be activatedwith the accident management strategy enforced to ensure that the containment shall remainintact and no radioactive substances are released into the environment; and fifth, in the eventof failure of the above-mentioned lines of defense, off-site emergency actions shall beimmediately activated in an effort to minimize any impact from the accident on the public orthe environment. Meanwhile, multiple physical barriers shall be set up to ensure thatmultiple lines of defense are in place to prevent and control release of radioactivesubstances into the environment.
实施纵深防御。设置五道防线，前移核应急关口，多重屏障强化核电安全，防止事故与减轻事故后果。一是保证设计、制造、建造、运行等质量，预防偏离正常运行。二是严格执行运行规程，遵守运行技术规范，使机组运行在限定的安全区间以内，及时检测和纠正偏差，对非正常运行加以控制，防止演变为事故。三是如果偏差未能及时纠正，发生设计基准事故时，自动启用电厂安全系统和保护系统，组织应急运行，防止事故恶化。四是如果事故未能得到有效控制，启动事故处理规程，实施事故管理策略，保证安全壳不被破坏，防止放射性物质外泄。五是在极端情况下，如果以上各道防线均告失效，立即进行场外应急响应行动，努力减轻事故对公众和环境的影响。同时，设置多道实体屏障，确保层层设防，防止和控制放射性物质释入环境。
Exercising a tiered response scheme. The level of a nuclear accident shall be determined inaccordance with the nature and seriousness of the accident and scope of effect fromradiation, based on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) guidelines ofthe International Atomic Energy Agency. The nuclear emergency preparedness condition isdivided into Emergency Standby, Building Emergency, On-Site Emergency and Off-SiteEmergency, which respectively correspond to Level IV response, Level III response, Level IIresponse and Level I response. The first three levels of response mainly focus on theorganization and implementation of emergency actions within the site. Off-Site Emergencyshall be announced with its corresponding Level I response activated upon occurrence ofrelease or possible release of a large quantity of radioactive substances into theenvironment in which accident consequences have crossed boundaries of the site, with thepossibility of seriously jeopardizing public health and environmental safety.
实行分级响应。参照国际原子能机构核事故事件分级表，根据核事故性质、严重程度及辐射后果影响范围，确定核事故级别。核应急状态分为应急待命、厂房应急、场区应急、场外应急，分别对应Ⅳ级响应、Ⅲ级响应、Ⅱ级响应、Ⅰ级响应。前三级响应，主要针对场区范围内的应急需要组织实施。当出现或可能出现向环境释放大量放射性物质，事故后果超越场区边界并可能严重危及公众健康和环境安全时，进入场外应急，启动Ⅰ级响应。
Deploying actions of response. Every level of nuclear emergency organization shall implementthe following response actions in whole or in part depending upon the nature and seriousnessof the accident:
部署响应行动。核事故发生后，各级核应急组织根据事故性质和严重程度，实施以下全部或部分响应行动。
Mitigating and controlling the accident in a timely manner. A professional force, equipmentand supplies shall be thrown into immediate engineering emergency measures to mitigateand control any accident in an attempt to bring the relevant nuclear installation back to a safecondition while preventing or minimizing the release of radioactive substances into theenvironment.
迅速缓解控制事故。立即组织专业力量、装备和物资等开展工程抢险，缓解并控制事故，努力使核设施恢复到安全状态，防止或减少放射性物质向环境释放。
Conducting radiation monitoring and consequence assessment. Radiation monitoring shallbe conducted at the site of the accident and areas affected and doses possibly absorbed bypersonnel shall be measured. Observation/surveillance and forecast on meteorological,hydrological, geological and seismic impacts shall be provided on a real-time basis. The accidentconditions shall be diagnosed and substances released shall be analyzed to determine theaccident evolution trend, evaluate radiation consequences and define the areas affected.
开展辐射监测和后果评价。在事故现场和受影响地区开展放射性监测以及人员受照剂量监测等。实时开展气象、水文、地质、地震等观(监)测预报。开展事故工况诊断和释放源项分析，研判事故发展趋势，评价辐射后果，判定受影响区域范围。
Organizing personnel to implement emergency protection actions. If radioactive isotope ofiodine has already been released or may be released arising from an accident, a professionalteam shall organize the public within a given area to take stable iodine pills to minimizeradiation exposure to the thyroid gland. The people in the affected area shall be dulyorganized to take emergency protection measures deemed necessary, including hiding,evacuating, seeking temporary shelter or permanently moving out in order to prevent orminimize injuries from radiation exposure. Psychological assistance shall be provided in atimely manner to minimize social anxiety and panic.
组织人员实施应急防护行动。当事故已经或可能导致碘放射性同位素释放，由专业组织及时安排一定区域内公众服用稳定碘，以减少甲状腺的受照剂量。适时组织受辐射影响地区人员采取隐蔽、撤离、临时避迁或永久迁出等应急防护措施，避免或减少受到辐射损伤。及时开展心理援助，抚慰社会公众情绪，减轻社会恐慌。
Arranging decontamination and medical treatment. Professionals shall be dispatched to removeor minimize radioactive pollution affecting people, equipment, premises and theenvironment. A nuclear emergency preparedness medical rescue force shall be organized toperform medical diagnoses, case identification and medical treatment, including on-site first-aid treatment, local hospital treatment and backup professional treatment.
实施去污洗消和医疗救治。由专业人员去除或降低人员、设备、场所、环境等放射性污染。组织核应急医学救援力量实施医学诊断、分类，开展医疗救治，包括现场紧急救治、地方医院救治和后方专业救治等。
Controlling access passages and ports. Zones shall be demarcated according to the areasaffected and strict control shall be enforced over the passage of people, vehicles, equipmentand supplies in and out of the designated passages. People, vehicles, cargo containers, goods,travelers' belongings and parcels moving in or out of the border checkpoints shall be screenedfor radiation detection and control.
控制出入通道和口岸。根据受事故影响区域具体情况，划定警戒区，设定出入通道，严格控制各类人员、车辆、设备和物资出入。对出入境人员、交通工具、集装箱、货物、行李物品、邮包快件等实施放射性污染检测与控制。
Strengthening market supervision and regulation. Necessities shall be subject to marketsupervision and regulation in a timely manner in line with the supply of market and thepublic psych in the areas affected. Manufacturing, processing, circulation and consumption ofcontaminated food and drinking water shall be banned or limited, so as to prevent orminimize the intake of radioactive substances.
加强市场监管与调控。针对受事故影响地区市场供应及公众心理状况，及时进行重要生活必需品的市场监管和调控。禁止或限制受污染食品和饮用水的生产、加工、流通和食用，避免或减少放射性物质摄入。
Maintaining social order. Illegal or criminal acts, such as spreading rumors to create panic,shall be dealt with rigorously. Additional makeshift police posts shall be established toreinforce security patrols in important locations such as settlement sites and storage placesfor rescue supplies. Security for important premises such as the site of the nuclear accidentshall be enhanced, and traffic control in the surrounding areas shall be properly coordinatedaccording to actual needs.
维护社会治安。严厉打击借机传播谣言、制造恐慌等违法犯罪行为。在群众安置点、抢险救援物资存放点等重点地区，增设临时警务站，加强治安巡逻。强化核事故现场等重要场所警戒保卫，根据需要做好周边地区交通管制等工作。
Releasing accurate official information. Accurate and official information shall be duly publishedto the public by the central, provincial (regional or municipal) governments and operators ofnuclear installations in accordance with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) practice,and the laws and regulations of China to ensure that information with respect to nuclearaccident status, effects on the public and individual protection measures shall be disclosed tothe public in an open, transparent and timely manner.
发布权威准确信息。参照国际原子能机构做法，根据中国法律法规，由国家、省(区、市)和核设施营运单位适时向社会发布准确、权威信息，及时将核事故状态、影响和社会公众应注意的事项、需要个人进行防护的措施告知公众，确保信息公开、透明。
Doing well in notifying the international community and requesting for help. Notification shallbe given to the international community in accordance with the Convention on EarlyNotification of a Nuclear Accident of the IAEA. Request for assistance shall be made to theIAEA and the world community in accordance with the Convention on Assistance in the Case ofa Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency of the IAEA, depending upon the actual situation.
做好国际通报与申请援助。按照国际原子能机构《及早通报核事故公约》要求，做好向国际社会的通报。按照国际原子能机构《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》要求，视情向国际原子能机构和国际社会申请核应急救援。
Establishing a robust system of technical standards for national nuclear emergencypreparedness. A complete system of technical standards for national nuclear emergencypreparedness shall be established, and it covers the standards for classification of nuclearpower plant emergency planning zones, nuclear accidents and emergency status,implementation of emergency protection actions, and definition of emergencyintervention principles and levels of intervention, so as to provide a primary technicalguideline for the implementation of nuclear emergency preparedness and response.
建立健全国家核应急技术标准体系。建立包括设置核电厂应急计划区、核事故分级、应急状态分级、开展应急防护行动、实施应急干预原则与干预水平等完整系统的国家核应急技术标准体系，为组织实施核应急准备与响应提供基本技术指南。
Strengthening emergency on-duty system. An emergency on-duty system shall be establishedto ensure that each level of nuclear emergency organization stays on-duty 24 hours a day.National contact points for nuclear emergency preparedness under the national nuclear accidentemergency office shall be on duty for nuclear emergency preparedness to collect informationabout domestic nuclear installations and keep the IAEA updated.
加强应急值班。建立核应急值班体系，各级核应急组织保持24小时值班备勤。在国家核事故应急办公室设立核应急国家联络点，负责核应急值班，及时掌握国内核设施情况，保持与国际原子能机构信息畅通。
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