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英译汉常用的方法技巧
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。在英译汉的过程中，有哪些好的方法与技巧呢?下面就和小编一起来看看吧!
一、一词多义(Polysemy)
regular
regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline
delicate
delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food
二、注意有线词的词义
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.
三、词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)
1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept
His novel is a mirror of the times.
The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.
Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.
2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept
In two years, he was a national phenomenon.
Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.
Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.
四、词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)
The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.
Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.
It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.
John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.
The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.
She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.
Exercises
I have no opinion of that sort of man.
She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”
I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.
I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.
The picture flattered her.
The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.
五、转译成动词
(一)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)
My admiration for him grew more.
He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.
To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.
The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.
Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.
In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.
Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.
I am no drinker, nor smoker.
The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.
(二)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)
There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.
We are fortunate in our opponent.
Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.
The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.
I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.
Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.
(三)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)
He said the meeting was informative.
They were news-hungry.
It was a very informative meeting.
(四)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)
The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.
It has snowed over.
Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?
六、转译成名词
(一)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)
She knows what’s what.
They thought differently.
TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.
The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.
He roared, which threatened his enemies away.
The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.
(二)形容词转译成名词
The new treaty would be good for ten years.
The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.
Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.
Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.
七、转译成形容词
名词转译成形容词
Their physical experiment was a success.
The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.
Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”
He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.
In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.
八、其他词类转译
副词转译成名词
The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.
Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.
The image must be dimensionally correct.
九、大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句
1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.
2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.
3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.
4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.
十、以by为着眼点，进行多种译文
1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.
2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.
3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.
4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.
5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.
十一、“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达
1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.
2. It should be understood that to err is human.
十二、汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字
1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.
2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.
3. He was set upon by two naked men.
4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.
5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.
十三、名词、动名词前增补动词
1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.
2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.
十四、英语抽象名词的翻译
1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.
2. Many changes take place during the transformation.
3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.
4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.
十五、将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词
1. It was a Godsend to him.
2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.
十六、增添“概括”性的词
1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.
2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.
4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.
十七、英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复
1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.
十八、汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字
1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.
2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.
十九、增补量词
1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.
2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.
二十、增补表示复数含义的词
1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.
2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.
10个常用翻译技巧
1.增译法：
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或 "There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如：
2. 省译法：
这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：
3.转换法：
指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。
在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。
在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
4.拆句法和合并法：
这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。
汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。
所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。
这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如：
5.正译法和反译法：
这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。
所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：
6. 倒置法：
在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。
倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如：
7.包孕法：
这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。如：
(1)You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.
您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
(2)What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.
使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。
8 .插入法：
指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。
偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。如：
如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的"带来灾难性的影响"，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。
If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, "disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.
9. 重组法：
指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。
如：
Decisionmust be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much asperception,because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.
必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。
10．综合法：
是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。如：
How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe?
欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影电视工业有所贡献，使它在国际市场上具有竞争能力，使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响，并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢?
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