英语名词的语法
一、 名词主要考点：
1．特殊名词的单复数
2．与名词相关的主谓一致关系
二、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：
1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计
equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
2． 复数形式的名词用于单数概念，其谓语动词用单数。(这些名词一般为表示学科或疾病的名词)
economics 经济学 measles 麻疹
physics 物理学 mumps 腮腺炎
mathematics 数学 rickets 软骨病，佝偻病
dynamics 动力学 news 新闻
the united states 美国 the new york times 纽约时报
三、主谓一致关系
英语中，主语和谓语在数、性和格上应该保持一致，但在实际应用中很容易被忽视，尤其是主语和谓语之间出现插入语，故考试中经常考到主谓一致。除了以上特殊名词谓语有特殊要求外，现将主谓一致的考点归纳如下：
1． 复数原则：两个或者两个以上的名词由and连接作主语时；主语由both … and … 连接时，谓语动词用复数。
baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.
both bread and butter are sold in that grocery. 那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。
2． 就近原则： 由 either … or … ; neither … nor …; not only…but also…; …or …； there be …等引导的主语， 谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近动词的名词的单复数。
not only the students but also their teacher is invited to attend the party.
3． 就远原则：主语，＋ as well as +另一个主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于第一个主语的名词的单复数。
my mother, as well as my two brothers, has a key to the office.
我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有一把办公室的钥匙。
同例：with…; together with…; along with…; including…; in addition to…; besides …; except…; as much as…; accompanied by …; rather than…等等
4． 表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时谓语动词用单数。
one hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor .
twenty days have passed since i met her last time.
自从我上次见到她到现在已经过去二十天。 ( twenty days 这里不作整体看待， 故谓语动词用复数。)
5． and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的.概念时，谓语动词用复数。
war and peace is a constant theme in literature.
战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(war and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
law and order bread and butter
apple pie and ice cream folk and knife
wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread
love and hate egg and rice 蛋炒饭
the writer and translator is delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指同一个人)
the writer and the translator are delivering a speech in our university tonight. (指两个人)
a black and a white dog are playing in the yard. (指两只狗)
a black and white dog is playing in the yard. ( 指一只狗)
6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
to work hard is necessary
what i said and did is of no concern to you.
reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )
7． many a, more than one + 单数可数名词，尽管表示复数意义， 谓语仍用单数。
many a student has made such a mistake.
more than one stranger agrees with me.
[注意]
在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
more persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。
8． 由 every …and every …; each … and each…; no … and no…; many a …and many a … 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。
every man and every woman working here is getting along well with me.
no difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.
9. 由 all of, most of, half of , a lot of, part of 等加名词构成的主语，谓语动词的数取决于该名词的单复数。
all of us are going to see the game.
all of his time was spent on gambling
three-fourths of the people are illiterate.
同例： plenty of…， one fourth of…， none of…， some of …， majority of …， … percent of …， the rest of …， reminder of …。
10. a number of ( a total of , an average of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用复数。
the number of ( the total of, the average of ) + 复数名词， 谓语动词用单数。
a total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month.
the total of dollars donated last month was 100,000 dollars.
同例： a / the variety of；a / the group of
11. 定语从句的谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致，但注意the only one of… 的用法。
one of those men likes to drive fast.
one of those men who like to drive fast is her son.
he is the only one of those men who likes to drive fast.
12. 由some，any, no，every 构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语，谓语动词用单数；由each, every one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时，谓语动词用单数；由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
more than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.
neither is satisfactory.
is either of the singers reading now?
13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
the sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
we can do the difficult first. the impossible takes a little longer.
我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
the best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。
14. a pair of + 由两部分物体构成的名词(如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
my new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一条短裤正在修改。
15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half 修饰时，谓语动词用数。
one and a half apples is left on the plate.
16. 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。
a series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by mr. li.
a large portion of her poems was published after her death.
(张能彦 著名的英语辅导专家，复旦版2005年《mba联考300分奇迹英语分册》主编)
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