冠词的英语语法讲解
(一)冠词概述
冠词是限定词的一种,自己不能单独使用,只能依附于一个名词帮助说明这个名词的含义。因此冠词也可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有三种形式:不定冠词a(an),定冠词(the)和零冠词(即不使用冠词)。冠词用法每次中考都会出现,主要考查:(1)名词前的定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法;(2)固定搭配中的冠词用法。a,an的用法区别是常考内容。序数词前及形容词最高级前或姓氏前使用定冠词也是近年来中考的常考内容。
(二)基础知识梳理
1.不定冠词a/an的用法
不定冠词用来修饰单数可数名词,指人或物中的某一个或某一类,但不具体说明是何人何物。
如:A famous astronaut will give us a talk the week after next.a用在以辅音音素(不是辅音字母)开头的单词前,如:a university student,a European country;an用在以元音音素(不是元音字母)开头的单词前,如:an honest girl,an underground train.
现将不定冠词的基本用法归纳如下:
1)首次提到某人某物,不定冠词起介绍作用。如:
Long long ago an old man lived in a small village.
2)表示“每一”的意思,常用于表示时间、速度的名词之前,相当于every。如:
ten metres a second,twice a week
3)也可用于不可数的物质名词和抽象名词之前,使其具体化。如:
1 would like a drink.
It’s a great joy to live in Shanghai.
4)某些固定短语中,要用不定冠词。如:have a good time,in a hurry,have a break,for a while,a pair of,have a look,with a smile,take an active part in.
2.定冠词the的用法
1)指第二次提到的人或物。如:
I have a dog and a cat.The dog is brown and the cat is yellow.
2)特指某人或某物。如:
The old man with thick glasses is their history teacher.
3)指谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:
Would you mind turning down the radio,Jim? Your father is sleeping.
4)用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如:
The third truck is carrying the fewest apples of all.
5)用于指世界上独一无二的事物。如:
The moon is far smaller than the earth.
6)在江河、海洋、山脉等地理名词前及由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
the Nile,the Pacific Ocean,the Alps,the Oriental Pearl
7)用于表示方位的名词前。如:
Shanghai is in the east of China.
8)用在乐器名称的前面。如:
I practise the piano every day after school.
9)在某些形容词前加定冠词,表示一类人。如:
The sick and the old should be taken good care of.
10)用于姓氏复数形式之前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”。如:
The Wangs have worked in Pudong for almost ten years.
11)在某些固定短语中,需用定冠词。如:
In the morning,the day after tomorrow,listen to the radio,at the moment,go to the beach,by the way.
3.不用冠词的情况
1)在球类活动、学科名称前。如:
We have Chinese,maths,and English every day.
2)在节日、月份、四季、星期前。如:
June l is Children’s Day.
It’s Saturday today.
It’s late spring now.
3)名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词等。如:
That handbag is in her car.
I have several questions to ask.
4)在物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。如:
Milk is white.(比较:The milk in the cup has gone bad.这里the表示特指。)
5)三餐名词前通常不用冠词,如:have supper,after breakfast,但三餐名词前如果有形容词修饰时,要用不定冠词,如:a big supper,a quick breakfast等。
6)在称呼、头衔、职位前。。如
What can I do for you,sir.
7)在某些固定词组和习惯用语中。如:by motorcycle/air/train,at night,in trouble, go to church,put into jail等。
4.在某些名词前用冠词或不用冠词,其意义有所不同。如:
go to church(去做礼拜) go to the church(到那座教堂去)
in class(在上课时) in the class(在班级中)
in charge of(负责) in the charge of(由……负责)
in hospital(生病住院) in the hospital(在医院里工作或参观)
at table(在吃饭) at the table(在桌子旁)
take place(发生) take the place(代替)
in front of(在……的前面) in the front of(在……前部)
keep house(管理家务) keep the house(呆在家里)
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