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2016年6月英语六级阅读理解真题及答案解析「卷二」
英语六级阅读包括一篇选词填空、一篇段落匹配题、两篇仔细阅读.下面是小编整理的2016年英语六级阅读理解真题及答案解析，欢迎阅读!
选词填空 Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.
The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26__________ : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.
Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27__________ of computational power and engineering advances will 28__________ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29__________ use of driver less cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.
But there are 30__________ to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遥控飞行器)operator will 31__________ someone's privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor's cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32__________ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33__________ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34__________ space for innovation?
Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driver less cars, should be built, 35__________ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurer sprice the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer's driving record, not the passenger's.
A. arises
B. ascends
C. bound
D. combination
E. definite
F. eventually
G. interfere
H. invade
I. manifesting
J. penalties
K. preserving
L. programmed
M. proximately
N. victims
O. Widespread
段落匹配 Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Reform and Medical Costs
[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental (渐进的)gains.
[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, "Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is contained in these measures."
[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.
[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.
[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong up aygo” rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.
[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消费税)on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages. The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should.
[G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, it strade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.
[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.
[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost of care is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patient's needs over a year. No one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patient's needs with an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.
[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicare's payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.
[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.
[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted.
[M] The president's stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate (前列腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.
[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not require, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.
[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatment sproven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.
[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries.
[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing tests and treatment sprimarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.
37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.
38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.
39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.
40. Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.
41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.
42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.
43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.
44. Contrary to analysts' doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.
45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.
Section C 仔细阅读
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, fanners in developing countries are using raw sewage (下水道污水)to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report—and it may not be a bad thing.
While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.
"There is a large potential for waste water agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.
The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes.Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道).
When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die each year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻相关的) diseases, according to WHO statistics.More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.
Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.
Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.
In poor, dry regions, untreated waste water is the only viable irrigation source to keep fannersin business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.
Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer.
In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked,minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative.
In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients.
"Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason."
46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?
A. Its risks cannot be overestimated.
B. It should be forbidden altogether.
C. Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.
D. It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.
47. What is the main problem caused by the use of waste water for irrigation?
A. Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.
B. It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.
C. Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.
D. It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.
48. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?
A. Favorable.
B. Skeptical.
C. Indifferent.
D. Responsible.
49. What does Pay Drechsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?
A. They have been somewhat exaggerated.
B. They can be dealt with through education.
C. They will be minimized with new technology.
D. They can be addressed by improved sanitation.
50. What do we learn about James Bartram's position on the use of human waste for farming?
A. He echoes Pay Drechsel's opinion on the issue.
B. He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sally's conclusion.
C. He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.
D. He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-ways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs.Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modem house: what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.
The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, five times the country's film industry. In the year to August 2007, IKEA, a Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a"major" kitchen overhaul in 2006, calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering$54,000; even a "minor" improvement cost on average $18,000.
Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson& Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which would cost ￡145,000-155,000—excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it: "You won't see this kitchen anywhere else in the world."
The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design show case for the modem family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20thcentury, kitchens were smoky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, and as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.
But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American Woman's Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a woman's work and promote order.
Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American,Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work,Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a housewife's daily routine. She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.
Frederick's central idea, that stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely", inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the1920s by Margarete Schütter-Lihotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of today's kitchen.
51. What does the author say about the kitchen of today?
A. It is where housewives display their cooking skills.
B. It is where the family entertains important guests.
C. It has become something odd in a modem house.
D. It is regarded as the center of a modem home.
52. Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?
A. It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.
B. No duplicate is to be found in any other place.
C. It is manufactured by a famous British company.
D. No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.
53. What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?
A. Improved living conditions.
B. Women's elevated status.
C. Technological progress.
D. Social change.
54. What was the Beecher sisters' idea of a kitchen?
A. A place where women could work more efficiently.
B. A place where high technology could be applied.
C. A place of interest to the educated people.
D. A place to experiment with new ideas.
55. What do we learn about today's kitchen?
A. It represents the rapid technological advance in people's daily life.
B. Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s.
C. It has been transformed beyond recognition.
D. Many of its functions have changed greatly.
阅读参考答案
26 [A]空格位于句末，前面是副词 naturally 和主语 the question,因此应填入不及物动词，充当句子谓语。由 As 从句中 take on 所用的一般现在时，可知填入的动词应是第三人称单数。上文提到人们惧怕机器人缺乏道德界限(without a moral compass),空格后是具体的问题，因此本句应表示问题自然“出现，引起”，故arises 符合要求。另一个第三人称单数动词是 ascends“上升;攀登”，与 question 搭配不当。
27[D]由空格前的 the 和空格后的 of 可知此处应填入名词。介词 of 后是两个并列的名词结构：computational power“计算能力”和 engineering advances“工程学发展”。由此可知名词中combination“结合体”符合语义逻辑。
28 [F]空格位于助动词 will 和谓语动词 enable 之间，故应填入副词。本句表示某物能够降低残疾人的家庭护理费用。副词中符合语义逻辑的是 eventually“终于，最终”。
29[O]空格在名词 use 之前，故应填入形空词或分词。本句的结构是... use of driverless cars and countless... uses for robots,因此填入的词与 countless“无数的”语义相关，应指运用得“多”或“广”，故填入widespread “广泛的，普遍的”,指机器人最终将普遍运用在无人驾驶汽车、家用和服务业等方面。
30[C]空格处应填入分词或形容词，构成 be... to 的搭配。上文提到机器人最终会普遍运用，本句用 but 转折，提到 problems“问题”，接着下文列举了具体的问题，因此空格处填入 bound“肯定的，一定的”，指“问题肯定会有”。
31 [H]空格前的 will 表明此处应填入及物动词原形，与后面的名词 privacy“隐私”构成搭配。invade“入侵，侵犯”符合要求，指无人机可能会“侵犯”别人的隐私。
32 [N]空格在 the 和 of 之间，故应填入名词。本句指陪审团对机器的……表示同情，会让企业家受到惩罚。上文说机器人会发生碰撞，无人机侵犯隐私，机器人割草机轧压邻居家的猫。这些都是机器的“受害者”，故victims “受害人，牺牲品”符合语义逻辑。
33 [J]空格前的 company-crushing 是复合形容词，表示“令公司压力大的，可摧毁公司的”，故应填入与damages “赔偿金”并列的名词，形式上也是复数，作 punish 的间接宾语。故 penalties“罚金”符合要求。
34 [K]空格前的 while 是连词，故应填入动名词形式。由宾语 space“空间”,可知搭配恰当的是preserving“保护，保留”，句子意为：政府在给创新“保留”空间时，应该做些什么来保护人们呢?
35[L]空格与过去分词 built 和 sold 并列，故也应是表被动的过去分词形式。本句指大型复杂系统(systems)应该由厂商创建……并销售。符合语义逻辑、并与 systems 搭配的是 programmed“规划”。
36 [F]【译文】昂贵的医保计划会被征税，因此大多数雇主可能会将用在医保上的支出转移到工资上来。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 tax,health insurance plans, money 和 wages 定位到 F 段。该段倒数第 3 句指出，经济学家预计，大多数雇主会将用在医保上的支出转移到工资上来。题目中的 transfer money是原文 shift money 的同义转述，expensive health insurance plans 与原文 expensive health benefits 对应，同时题目复现了原文的 wages 一词，故答案为 F 段。
37[J]【译文】国会将通过或者否决全部的改革措施，这样说客就很难对立法者产生影响。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 Changes，be approved or rejected as a whole 和 lawmakers 査找到 J段最后一句。该句指出，国会只能通过或者否决全部的改革措施，这样一来，狭隘的利益游说集团将很难迫使立法者顺从他们的意愿。本题复现了原词 changes 及 be approved or rejected as a whole，题目中的influence lawmakers 是对原文 bend lawmakers to their will 的同义转述，故答案为 J 段。
38 [A]【译文】美国医疗成本的上涨难以控制。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 not easy 和 the rising medical costs 可査找到 A 段第 3 句。该句指出，根本就不存在一个方案能够轻易地控制医疗成本的增加。题目中的 not easy 是对原文 no one has an easy fix的同义转述，故答案为 A 段。
39 [G]【译文】标准的自动化处理流程可以帮助节省一大笔医疗开支。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 standardization of forms for automatic processing 定位至 G 段。该段第 2、3 句提到，其行业集团曾主动为自动化处理流程提供标准化的表格。该举措能在未来十年里节省上千亿美元。题目是对原文这两句的同义概括，故 G 段为答案。
40 [L]【译文】共和党和保险行业强烈反对设立公共医保计划。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 republicans and the insurance industry，strongly opposed 和 public insurance plan 定位到 L 段第 1 句。该句指出，由于保险行业和共和党批评者的强烈反对，这个计划可能无法节省太多的钱。题目复现了原词 insurance industry 和 public plan，而 strongly opposed 是对原文 fierce opposition 的同义转述，故 L 段为答案。
41 [H]【译文】把纸质病历转换为电子医疗记录可以帮助筛除不必要的检查，防止药物相互作用。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 electronic records，redundant tests 和 drug interactions 定位到 H段。该段最后一句指出，电子医疗记录将能筛除不必要的检查、防止药物相互作用、帮助医生确定最佳治疗方案，以实现节省成本。题目中的 conversion 对应了原文的 convert，故答案为 H 段。
42 [C]【译文】医疗服务的成本过高以及不必要的试验和诊疗推动医疗费用的上涨。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 high cost，unnecessary tests and treatments 和 driven up 定位到 C段。本段指出，医疗费增长快的主要原因是医疗服务收费过高以及医院和医生会给病人安排多余的诊疗项目。题目中的 high cost 对应原文的 high prices, unnecessary tests and treatments 是对原文unnecessary care delivered... perform a lot more tests and treatments 的概括，而 driven up 对应文中的 rises,所以答案为 C 段。
43[I]【译文】导致医疗成本增加的一个主要因素是医生是按提供诊疗的次数而非诊疗的效果收费。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 main factor, the amount of care 和 effect 定位至 I 段第 1 句。该句指出，医生的收入取决于提供服务的次数而非服务的质量或者效果，这是医疗成本如此之高的主要原因。题目中main factor 与文中的 primary reason 同义，the amount 对应原文的 the quantity，而 effect 对应文中的 effectiveness，故答案为 I 段。
44[P]【译文】与一些分析人士的怀疑态度不同，作者认为能通过谈判降低药品价格。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 analysts' doubts 和 negotiation 定位至 P 段。该段第 2、3 句指出，一些权威的分析人士质疑部长能达成比私人保险公司更好的协议，但是作者表示相信谈判能取得成效。题目中的analysts' doubts 是对原文 analysts doubt that the secretary... already get 的概括，故正确答案为 P段。
45 [k]【译文】公平竞争会促使保险公司降低产品定价。
【定位解析】根据题目关键词 a strong incentive 和 insurers 定位到 K 段。该段最后一句指出，这种正面交锋会促使医保公司降低自家保险产品的定价。题目中的 charge less 是对原文 lower their prices 的同义转述，故 K 段为正确答案。
46 [C]【定位】根据题目关键词 the use of raw sewage for farming 可知是问有关污水在农业上使用的信息，考查的是考生对整体篇章的理解能力，定位到全文。
【解析】C 项“其利大于弊”是对第 2 段“那些健康危险远不及社会效益和经济贡献重要”的同义转换，符合文意。
【干扰项排除】A 项“其风险不能被高估”和 B 项“应完全禁止”在原文中无法找到依据;D 项“正使许多农田受到污染”，以原词 cropland 作干扰，但原文说的是用未经处理的污水对大约 4900 万英亩农田进行灌溉和施肥，文中只是说这种做法有健康风险，不能直接得出结论“这些农田被这些污水污染了”，因此 D 项属过度推测。
47 [C]【定位】根据题目关键词 the use of waste water for irrigation 可定位至第 5 段。
【解析】本题询问污水灌溉导致的主要问题,C 项“农民和消费者都可能受到有害细菌的影响”是对第 5 段首句的概括，符合文意。
【干扰项排除】A 项“附近的河流和湖泊都将逐渐受到污染”属过度推断，原文第 4 段第 2 句仅仅提到农田的灌溉水主要源于当地的河流或湖泊;原文虽有提及人们用人类排泄物代替化学肥料，但无法证明 B 项“利用污水灌溉会使化肥产商倒闭”;D 项“利用污水灌溉会减少农产品在市场上的竞争力”属于无中生有。
48[A]【定位】根据题干中的人名 Pay Drechsel 定位至第 5 段末句。
【解析】本题考查的是 Pay Drechsel 对将未经处理的人类排泄物用于农业的态度，原文第 5 段末句提到他认为使用未经处理的人类排泄物灌溉农田所带来的社会和经济效益比其带来的健康危害重要。说明他支持这一做法，A 项“赞同的”符合题意。
【干扰项排除】询问观点态度的题目宜采用直选法，考生需准确感知人物观点。B 项“怀疑的”、C 项“冷漠的”以及 D 项“负责的”在文中皆无依据证明。
49 [B]【定位】根据题干中的人名 Pay Drechsel 及 the risks 定位至第 6 段。
【解析】本题考查的是 Pay Drechsel 对未经处理的人类排泄物用于农业带来的风险的看法，第六段开头提到这个问题可以通过教育农民和消费者来解决,B 项的 dealt with 是原句 addressed 的同义转述，B 项“可通过教育规避其风险”是正确答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“其风险有些被夸大”、C 项“利用新科技可使其风险最小化”和 D 项“其风险可通过改进卫生条件来规避”都不是 Pay Drechsel 对风险的看法。
50 [A]【定位】根据题干中的人名 James Bartram 定位至最后一段的最后一句。
【解析】本题考查的是 James Bartram 对人类排泄物用于农业的观点，原文最后他说稍加处理或没有经过处理的排泄物用于农业是有充分理由的，可见他认为将人类排泄物用于农业有其存在的合理性。而从原文第 5 段可知，Pay Drechsel 认为尽管这种做法有危害，但是它带来的社会和经济效益比其危害更重要。因此 A 项“在这个问题上他和 Pay Drechsel 的观点一致”为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】原文第 3 段提到 Liqa Raschid-Sally 认为污水灌溉利弊共存，James Bartram 也只是承认了有其存在的合理性而已，因此 B 项“他挑战 Iiqa Raschid-Sally 的结论”错误。C 项“他认为这是摆脱当前粮食危机的唯一方法”和 D 项“他认为这是战胜全球贫困所必需都不是 James Bartram 的观点，故排除。
51 [D]【定位】根据题目关键词 the kitchen of today 定位至第 1 段末句。
【解析】第 1 段末句提到厨房已成为现代家居的核心，D 项的 the center of a modem home 是原句 the heart of the modern house 的同义转述，表明 D 项“现在厨房被认为是现代家居的核心”为答案。
【干扰项排除】原文第 1 句提到现代人们无须下厨，因此 A 项“厨房是主妇展示厨艺的场所”与原文意思刚好相反;B 项“厨房是款待重要宾客的场所”在原文中没有提及;原文提到厨房已成为现代家居的核心的现象很奇怪，而不是说厨房本身奇怪，故排除 C 项。
52 [B]【定位】根据题目关键词 the Georgian-style kitchen 定位至第 3 段。
【解析】本题考查的是乔治王时代风格的厨房定价高的原因，第 3 段末句提到其主要卖点在于绝无仅有，你不会在世界其他地方见到这种厨房。B 项“不可能在世界其他地方找到复制品”为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“据说有极高的艺术价值”在原文中并未提及;C 项“由一家著名的英国公司制造”在文中虽有提及，但不是定价高的原因;D 项“其他的制造商都无法制造类似的厨房”属于易混淆项，但是原文说的是它的卖点在其他人买不到相同的，至于说制造商能否仿制，我们无法得知。
53 [D]【定位】根据题干中 the change in the status of the kitchen 定位至第 4 段第 1 句。
【解析】本题考查的是厨房地位的变化反映了什么，原文第 4 段第 1 句讲到厨房曾经只属于仆人，而今演变为现代家庭的设计展示间，这讲述了一个世纪的社会变革,D 项正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“生活水平提高了”、B 项“女性地位的提高”和 C 项“技术进步”在原文都没有直接提及，属于主观臆测，故均排除。
54 [A]【定位】根据题干中的人名 Beecher sisters 定位至第 5 段末句。
【解析】本题考查比彻姊妹对厨房的看法，第 5 段末句讲到比彻姐妹推介了一种家庭管理的科学方法，旨在提高妇女的工作效率,A 项是对原文意思的高度概括，故为答案。
【干扰项排除】B 项“认为厨房是可以应用高科技的场所”无中生有;C 项“认为厨房是知识分子感兴趣的场所”，这一信息虽在第 5 段首句有提到，但并不是比彻姊妹的看法，而是作者的观点;第 5 段第 2 句提到该姊妹中的一人以激进的新方式对厨房进行思考，她思考的是怎样提高家务效率，而不是试验新想法，因此 D项“认为厨房是实验新想法的场所”错误。
55 [B]【定位】根据题干可知本题考查的是对文章的整体感知理解能力，定位到全文。
【解析】原文提到 20 世纪 20 年代由玛格丽特设计的第一个配备齐全的厨房中，许多元素依然是今日厨房的中心特色，说明现代厨房的许多核心特色和 20 世纪 20 年代都具有相似性，因此 B 项“现代厨房的许多核心特色和 20 世纪 20 年代相比并无差别”正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“现代厨房象征人们日常生活中快速的技术进步”和 C 项“现代厨房变得面目全非”在原文中均无提及。D 项“现代厨房的许多功能有很大改变”与原文最后一段末句意思刚好相反
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