英语最新四六级语法解析

时间：2020-08-13 17:58:12 英语六级我要投稿

英语最新四六级语法解析

　　想要学好英语四六级怎么能不知道基本语法呢?下面小编就为大家讲解一下。

英语最新四六级语法解析

　　第一部分四六级七种语法特点介绍篇

　　四级考试新题型虽然取消语法和词汇题型，但在仔细阅读的选词填空题、完型填空题/改错及翻译题变相考察考生的语法知识。因此，语法仍是不可忽视的重要部分。考察比例：语法部分约占40%，词汇部分约占60%，而且多有交叉。总的来说语法题主要有以下考点：

　　1.　虚拟语气。强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest,　in　case,　 otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用 “should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would　rather,　wish,　as　if,　it’s　time　that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。

　　2.　主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people,　poultry,　militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as　well　as,　besides,　in　addition　to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

　　3.　倒装结构。表示强调或突出，分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。

　　4.　非谓语动词。这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重，解题时可以从三个方面入手：①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。

　　5.　独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。

　　6.　时态。英语中一共有16个时态，最常用的5个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去式、一般将来时和现在完成时。四级考试中出现最多的考点是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。针对这一题型，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间?是短暂时间还是延续性时间?

　　7.　名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分(做宾语、主语还是状语等)，从句的语序等等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。

　　第二部分四级语法提纲

　　Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,短语动词,省略,一致性等)

　　1. 时态

　　1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　2. 语态

　　1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

　　2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

　　a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　b) 宾补结构的被动语态:

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　3. 短语动词

　　1) Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　2) Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　4) Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　5) Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　7) Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.

　　4. 省略

　　1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.

　　a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.

　　When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.

　　If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.

　　Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.

　　This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.

　　Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.

　　She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.

　　She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.

　　Fill in the application as instructed.

　　Whenever known, such facts should be reported.

　　The documents will be returned as soon as signed.

　　He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.

　　Once having made a promise, you should keep it.

　　b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.

　　Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.

　　If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.

　　As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.

　　2) 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.

　　a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.

　　We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.

　　b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).

　　He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.

　　Their training is free, as is all education.

　　We will, as always, stand on your side.

　　3) 错误的省略

　　His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.

　　While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.

　　5. 一致

　　1) 如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

　　Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.

　　An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.

　　The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.

　　2) 代词作主语时的一致

　　a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.

　　Each of us has something to say.

　　Is everybody ready?

　　Somebody is using the phone.

　　Neither of us has gone through regular training.

　　Has either of them told you?

　　b) some, few, both, many 等作复数

　　c) some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.

　　none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

　　None of the books are easy enough for us

　　None of us seem to have thought of it.

　　None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.

　　None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.

　　None of this worries me.

　　all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the…, most of the …), 动词用单数.

　　3) 由and 或 both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.

　　Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.

　　My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.

　　Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.

　　Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.

　　如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.

　　There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.

　　Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.

　　4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.

　　Cattle are grazing on the pasture.

　　The police are looking for him.

　　有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.

　　His family are all music lovers.

　　The committee meets twice a month.

　　The committee are divided in opinion.

　　The audience was enormous.

　　The audience were greatly moved at the words.

　　有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:

　　This new series is beginning next month.

　　These new series are beginning next month.

　　This species is now extinct.

　　These species are now extinct.

　　5) 表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的):

　　Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

　　One hundred li was covered in a single night.

　　6) 其他问题

　　a) 书名, 国家名用单数:

　　Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.

　　b) 学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.

　　c) many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:

　　Many a person has had that kind of experience.

　　More than one person has involved in the case.

　　a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:

　　A number of books have been published on the subject.

　　The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.

　　d) one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

　　Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.

　　当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：

　　He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.

　　Ⅱ 非谓语动词

　　1. 不定式

　　1) 形式

　　主动形式被动形式

　　一般式 to do， to be done

　　完成式 to have done， to have been done

　　进行式 to be doing

　　完成进行式 to have been doing

　　a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.

　　I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).

　　(比较: I am glad to see you.)

　　He is said to have written a new book about workers.

　　He pretended not to have seen me.

　　b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.

　　You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.

　　We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.

　　He pretended to be listening attentively.

　　c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.

　　The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.

　　We are happy to have been working with you.

　　d) 被动式: 当不定式的.逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.

　　It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

　　She hated to be flattered.

　　He wanted the letter to be typed at once.

　　This is bound to be found out.

　　There are a lot of things to be done.

　　She was too young to be assigned such work.

　　2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).

　　a. To scold her would not be just.

　　b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.

　　c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.

　　d. Do you have anything to declare?

　　e. We have come to learn from you.

　　不定式做宾语补足语

　　有些动词和短语可用不定式做宾语补足语，构成句型：主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式。

　　这样的动词有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。

　　这样的短语有：call on(请求), care for(关心), count on(依靠，指望), depend on(依赖、依靠), keep on at(困扰，追问), long for(渴望), make out(分辨), vote for(选举), prevail on (说服), rely on(信赖), wait for(等待)。

　　不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系，其中可能是互相修饰关系。也就是：不定式修饰中心词;不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的(带宾语)，也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如 ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive(动力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right(权力), struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容。在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。还要注意，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。

　　3) 不带to 的不定式:

　　a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.

　　John made her tell him everything.

　　这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.

　　She was made to tell him everything.

　　b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.

　　I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.

　　They cannot but accept his term.

　　c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.

　　John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.

　　I’ve heard tell of him.

　　d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.

　　Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?

　　e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.

　　There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.

　　Smith will do anything but work on a farm.

　　There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

　　f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to.

　　Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.

　　出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.

　　He decided to write rather than telephone.

　　The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.

　　g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

　　What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.

　　All you do now is complete the form

　　The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

　　The thing to do now is clear up this mess.

　　The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.

　　4) 不定式的其他用法

　　a) too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:

　　She was too young to understand all that.

　　enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:

　　She was not old enough to understand all that.

　　not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:

　　He’s only too pleased to help her.

　　so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

　　Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.

　　b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:

　　It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.

　　It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.

　　在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:

　　It’s kind of you to think so much of us.

　　(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.

　　It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.

　　It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.

　　2. V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)

　　1) 形式

　　a) 完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.

　　He didn’t mention having met me.

　　I regret not having taken her advice.

　　在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.

　　Excuse me for coming late.

　　I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.

　　现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.

　　Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.

　　Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.

　　另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.

　　The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.

　　The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.

　　b) 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.

　　His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.

　　He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.

　　但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.

　　My pen needs filling.

　　The point deserves mentioning.

　　This problem requires studying with great care.

　　在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.

　　Her method is worth trying.

　　现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.

　　This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.

　　You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.

　　Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.

　　These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.

　　c) 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.

　　I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.

　　但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.

　　现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.

　　Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

　　The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.

　　All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.

　　2) 句法功用

　　a) 作主语:

　　Walking is good exercise.

　　It’s nice talking to you.

　　There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.

　　b) 作宾语:

　　Your shoes need polishing.

　　You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.

　　He avoided giving us a definite answer.

　　c) 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.

　　(be) contrary to (与…相反),object(objection)to (反对), with a view to (为…起见)， in contrast to (与…成对比), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于),resort to (诉诸于), as to (关于), be accustomed to (习惯于), be committed to (委身于), react to (对…反应), with regard to (关于), contribute to (贡献)，owe to由于，归功于等

　　d) 作表语:

　　The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.

　　动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.

　　e) 作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.

　　The words immediately set us all laughing.

　　Once we caught him dozing off in class.

　　His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.

　　在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.

　　Do you hear someone knocking at the door?

　　Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.

　　f) 作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.

　　I ran out of the house shouting.

　　I got home, feeling very tired.

　　Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.

　　现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.

　　Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

　　Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

　　Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.

　　现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句:

　　Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.

　　如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.

　　Be careful when crossing the street.

　　When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.

　　She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.

　　3) 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.

　　Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

　　Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.

　　Do you mind my reading your paper?

　　They insisted on my staying there for supper.

　　如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.

　　I don’t mind him going.

　　She hates people losing their temper.

　　4) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

　　5) 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.

　　有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.

　　I remember seeing her once somewhere.

　　I must remember to take my notebooks with me.

　　I regret not having accepted your advice.

　　I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.

　　She doesn’t want (need) to come.

　　The house wants (needs) cleaning.

　　We must try to get everything done in time.

　　Let’s try doing the work some other way.

　　6) 悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.

　　Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的动作, 正确)

　　Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误)