考研英语阅读真题解析

时间：2023-03-08 05:50:06 英语阅读我要投稿

考研英语阅读真题解析

　　考验英语阅读理解主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。下面是小编给大家收集了考研的英语阅读真题以及解析，一起来练习一下吧!

考研英语阅读真题解析

　　第一篇：

　　“There is on and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.

　　The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

　　Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Al recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

　　The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties,. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.

　　In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern , such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials”, says one researcher.

　　Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them less costly punishment.

　　31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with

　　【A】tolerance.

　　【B】skepticism.

　　【C】uncertainty.

　　【D】approval.

　　32.According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by

　　【A】winning trust from consumers.

　　【B】guarding it against malpractices.

　　【C】protecting it from being defamed.

　　【D】raising the quality of its products.

　　33. The expression “more lenient ”(line 2,para.4)is closest in meaning to

　　【A】more effective

　　【B】less controversial

　　【C】less severe

　　【D】more lasting

　　34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR regard

　　【A】has an impact on their decision

　　【B】comes across as reliable evidence

　　【C】increases the chance of being penalized

　　【D】constitutes part of the investigation

　　35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?

　　【A】 Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.

　　【B】 The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.

　　【C】 Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.

　　【D】 It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.

　　第二篇：

　　Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range.

　　The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

　　Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.

　　Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.

　　26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____

　　[A]its drastically decreased population

　　[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage

　　[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists

　　[D]the insistence of private landowners

　　27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____

　　[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure

　　[B]would involve fewer agencies in action

　　[C]granted less federal regulatory power

　　[D]went against conservation policies

　　28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____

　　[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation

　　[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat

　　[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job

　　[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations

　　29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______

　　[A]the federal government

　　[B]the wildlife agencies

　　[C]the landowners

　　[D]the states

　　30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______

　　[A]industry groups

　　[B]the win-win rhetoric

　　[C]environmental groups

　　[D]the plan under challenge

　　答案解析请见第二页：

　　>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<

　　第一篇：

　　31 答案 B Skepticism

　　解析：作者观点态度题。题干问的是作者对有关CSR方面Milton Friedman的说法是什么态度。根据大写Milton Friedman这个人定位到定位到首段首句。注意题干问的是作者的看法，因此定位到后一句but转折处。转折处的主题句式“things may not absolutely clear-cut”，作者持的是否定态度，选择答案B。C选项是作者态度不明确，不能选择。

　　32 答案 A winning trust from consumers

　　解析：根据题干找到第二段.根据第二段内容,CSR could add value to their business in three ways. 从而定位下面三点。First后面出现了high quality，但是它是在从句中，从句修饰"signal",而本句谓语动词是take，与D中 raising 并不是同义词，故排除。Second,和third 都与消费者购买心态有关，和A选项 winning trust from consumers 相对应。而B，C选项的malpractices和defamed在原文中并未出现，且没有同义词，故排除。

　　33 答案 C less severe

　　解析：根据题干找到第四段对应处。可见题干的 more lenient 是作为修饰 penalties(惩罚) 的，故推测本句在讨论 CSR 和 penalties 有什么联系。而本段与惩罚相关的词只有最后一个词 fines(罚金)，修饰它的形容词是lower, 故可推测 more lenient 与降低惩罚有关，只有C选项满足。

　　34 答案 A has an impact on their decision

　　解析：题干中问的是 CSR record 与 prosecutors evaluate a case 的关系，根据题干内容到对应点：第五段第一句。本句说，...they do seem to be influenced by a company's recore in CSR.这里的 be influenced 与A选项 has an impact 对应，故选A. 而B选项中的 reliable evidence, C 选项中的 the chance of being penalized 在原文中没有体现。D选项中的 investigation 与题干中的 When prosecutors evaluate a case 明显对应不上，故不予考虑。

　　35 答案 B The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown

　　解析：该题是一道判断题，题干问的是有关CSR哪个是对的。先根据CSR回到最后一段，定位到末段首句。首句提到“研究人员承认到其研究没有回答如下问题：公司应该在CSR方面花费多少钱”。选项B的意思是公司在其方面的花费是未知的，属于原文的同义替换。

　　第二篇：

　　26 答案 A its drastically decreased population

　　解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段But前后关于lesser prairie chickens 数量2million和22,000的强烈对比。此外第二段第二句“the lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation”都可以得知A its drastically decreased population 数量的急剧下降为正确答案。

　　27 答案 C granted less federal regulatory powers

　　解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段第四句，They had …, a state that gives federal officials greater regulatory power. 而But 之后是截然相反的事实，即政府授予了更少的管理权。故而C granted less federal regulatory powers为正确答案。

　　28 答案 A agree to pay a sum for compensation

　　解析：推断题。题干问的是从第三段推出来：无意伤害的那些人是不会被检举的如果怎么样。根据题干定位到第三段首句“it would not prosecute….as long as ….”，题干中问的if即原文的as long as的同意替换，原文as long as的意思是：只要他们签署了计划。下一句说道，该计划要求个体和企业去支付基金。对应选项A选项“赞同支付赔偿”属于同义替换。

　　29 答案 D the states

　　解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段最后一句the idea is to let the“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species, Ashe said. 其中in the driver’s seat对应题干中的the leading role, 故而D states为正确答案。

　　30 答案 C environmental groups

　　解析：文中人物观点题。题干问的是Jay Lininger最可能支持谁，大写人名定位到末段最后一句。最后一句提到：生物学家Jay Lininger说道联邦政府要把责任推给导致鸟类灭绝的企业，显然是对政府和企业的反对。再往前看一句，指出：企业团体和政府部门观点一致，环境学家与其观点恰巧一致。因此，Jay Lininger最支持环境团体的观点了。

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