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篇一：
In some ways，the United States has made spectacular progress. Fires no longer destroy 18000 buildings as they did in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871，or kill half a town of 2400 people，as they did the same night in Peshtigo，Wisconsin. Other than the Beverly Hill Supper Club fire in Kentucky，in 1977，it has been four decades since more than 100 Americans died in a fire.
But even with such successes，the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world. Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology，but the indifference of a country that just will not take fires seriously enough.
American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best equipped. They have to be. The United States has twice Japan’s population，and 40 times as many as fires. It spends far less on preventing fires than on fighting them. And American fire-safety lessons are aimed almost entirely at children，who die in disproportionately large numbers in fires but who，contrary to popular myth，start very few of them.
Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyone’s fault. That is not so in other countries，where both public education and the law treat fires as either a personal failing or a crime. Japan has many wood houses;of the estimated 48 fires in world history that burned more than 10000 buildings，Japan has had 27. Penalties for by negligence can be as high as life imprisonment.
In the United States，most education dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at too limited an audience;just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.
The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure. There are smoke detectors in 85 percent of all homes. Some local building codes now require home sprinklers. New heaters and irons shut themselves off if they are tipped.
1.The reason why so many Americans die in fires is that .
A. they took no interest in new technology
B. they did not attach great importance to preventing fires
C. they showed indifference to fighting fires
D. they did not spend enough money on fire facilities
2.Although the fire death rate has declined，the United States .
A. still has the worst fire death rate in the world
B. is still alert to the fire problem
C. is still training a large number of safety experts
D. is still confronted with the serious fire problem
3.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. fire safety lessons should be aimed at American adults
B. American children have not received enough education of fire safety lesson
C. Japan is better equipped with fire facilities than the Untied States
D. America’s large population accounts for high fire frequency
4.In what aspects should the United States learn from Japan?
A. Architecture and building material.
B. Education and technology.
C. Laws and attitude.
D. All of the above.
5.To narrow the gap between the fire death rate in the United States and that in other countries，the author suggests .
A. developing new technology
B. counting more on laws and social pressure
C. placing a fire extinguisher in every family
D. reinforcing the safeness of household appliances
【答案解析】
在某些方面，美国取得了令人瞩目的成就。大火不再像1871年发生在芝加哥的火灾那样烧毁18000幢房屋，或是像同一个夜晚发生在威斯康星州帕西蒂戈市的大火那样，烧死一个城镇中的1200人。除了1977年肯塔基州贝弗利山晚餐俱乐部的火灾外，40年来，100多美国人死于一场火灾的事情再也没有发生过。
但是，即使取得了如此的成就，美国仍然是世界上火灾死亡率最高的国家之一。安全专家说，问题的出现既不是因为资金也不是因为技术，而是因为这个国家的漠不关心，这个国家对火灾还没有足够的重视。
美国的消防部门是世界上行动最快的、装备最好的部门。他们不得不这样。美国的人口是日本人口数量的两倍，火灾的发生次数却是日本的40倍。美国用于防火的费用远远低于用于灭火的费用。美国的防火安全教育针对的几乎都是儿童，他们在火灾中的死亡人数不成比例地高，但是，与流行的说法相反，很少火灾是由于儿童引起的。
专家说，致命的错误是认为火灾其实不是任何人的错误的态度。在其他国家却不是这样，在这些国家，公共教育和法律把火灾看成是个人的失误，或者是犯罪行为。日本有许多木制房屋;在世界历史上，据估计，烧毁了一万多所建筑物的48场火灾中，发生在日本的有27场。对因为疏忽引起严重火灾的人的惩罚最高可达终生监禁。
在美国，大部分的教育经费都用在了小学。但是，火灾教育课的对象太有限;在所有烧死人的火灾中，只有9%是因为小孩玩火柴引起的。
美国还在更多地依赖技术而不是法律或社会压力。美国有85%的房屋装有烟雾探测器。一些地方建筑法规要求房屋必须装有自动喷水装置。如果新的取暖器和电熨斗被弄翻了就会自动断电。
1. 【正确答案】B
【考点类型】细节判断
【解析过程】如此多的美国人在大火中丧生的原因是 。
A. 他们对新技术不感兴趣
B. 他们对防火不重视
C. 他们对灭火漠不关心
D. 他们对灭火的设施没有投入足够的钱
线索：文章的第2段提到“Safety experts say the problem is neither money nor technology，but the indifference of a country that just will not take fires seriously enough.”表明选项B是正确答案。选项A和原文第6段的内容“The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.”相反。选项C原文根本没有提到。选项D和原文第3段的内容“American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best equipped.”相反。
2.【正确答案】A
【考点类型】细节判断
【解析过程】尽管火灾的死亡率已经下降，美国 。
A. 仍然是世界上火灾死亡率最高的国家
B. 仍然对于火灾的问题很警觉
C. 仍然在培训一大批的安全专家
D. 仍然面临着很严重的火灾问题
线索：文章的第2段提到“But even with such successes，the United States still has one of the worst fire death rates in the world.”表明A是正确答案。
3.【正确答案】A
【考点类型】细节推断
【解析过程】从本文可以推论出 。
A. 防火安全措施应该针对美国成年人
B. 美国孩子并没有获得足够的防火安全课程教育
C. 和美国相比，日本配备了更好的防火设施
D. 美国巨大的人口数量导致了火灾的发生率高
线索：文章的第5段提到“most education dollars are spent in elementary schools. But the lessons are aimed at too limited an audience;just 9 percent of all fire deaths are caused by children playing with matches.”表明选项A是正确答案。选项B和原文第5段“most education dollars are spent in elementary schools”不符合。选项C和原文第3段“American fire departments are some of the world’s fastest and best equipped”不符合。选项D和原文第3段“The United States has twice Japan’s population，and 40 times as man fires.”不符合。
4.【正确答案】C
【考点类型】细节判断
【解析过程】美国应该从日本那里学习什么?
A. 建筑业和建筑材料B. 教育和技术
C. 法律和态度D. 以上所有选项
线索1：文章的第6段提到“The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.”
线索2：文章的第4段提到“Experts say the fatal error is an attitude that fires are not really anyone’s fault.”
结合线索1和线索2，我们可以知道是美国人对火灾的态度出了问题。所以选项C是正确答案。
5.【正确答案】B
【考点类型】细节推断
【解析过程】为了缩短美国火灾死亡率和其他国家之间的差距，作者建议 。
A. 发展新的技术
B. 更多地依靠法律和社会压力
C. 在每一个家庭放置一个灭火器
D. 重新加强家庭设备的安全
线索：文章的第6段提到“The United States continues to rely more on technology than laws or social pressure.”表达了作者对于美国依靠消防技术降低火灾的死亡率的不满。暗示了要依靠法律和社会舆论的压力来降低火灾的死亡率。
【考点提示】选项C和选项D一般不太可能是正确答案。原因：①该选项都太具体了;②和文章的主题没有直接的关联。考研的文章一般是比较有深度的文章，所以选项的设计也就要求一定要有深刻的意义。这样判断B的正确几率就很大。
篇二：
There are hidden factors which scientists call“feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here’s one example：plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade，vegetation(植物)may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometres a year-faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1000 kilometre-wide strip of forest running through Canada，the USSR and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires，releasing tons of CO2 and further boosting global warming.
There are dozens of other possible“feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness，which may actually damp down global warming. Others，like the“albedo”effect，will do the opposite. The“albedo”effect is the amount of solar energy reflected by the earth’s surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes(戳)through，more heat will be absorbed，adding to the global temperature increase.
Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.
Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 percent of all the world’s energy is consumed by a quarter of the world’s population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere，more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US，with just 7 percent of the global population，is responsible for 22 percent of global warming.
1.“Feedback mechanisms”in paragraph 1 most probably refer to .
A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factors
B. how plants and animals interact with the changing climate
C. how climate changes
D. how climate zones shift
2.James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by .
A. the cutting of many treesB. desirable environmental changes
C. successful migration of speciesD. unsuccessful migration of trees
3.We can learn from the passage that .
A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warming
B. the basic facts of global warming are unknown
C. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuels
D. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption
4.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumption
B. a third-world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere
C. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse-gas emissions
D. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels
5.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. Material Progress and Energy Consumption.
B. Prosperity and Cheap Fossil Fuels.
C. Impact of Global Warming on Climate.
D. Plants and Animals in the Changing Climate.
【答案解析】：
有一些隐性因素科学家称之为“反馈机制”。没有人确切地知道它们是怎样与变化的气候相互作用。举一个例子：许多世纪以来，植物和动物适应气候的变化。根据目前的估计，温度每十年上升0.5摄氏度，植物可能赶不上这一速度。气候学家詹姆斯·汉森预计，气候带每年将向极地转移50～75公里，比树木自然迁移的速度快。那些发觉自己生活于一个不熟悉环境的物种将会灭绝。横跨加拿大、苏联和斯堪的纳维亚1000公里宽的森林带将会减少一半。不久，数百万濒临死亡的树木会导致大规模森林火灾，并释放出成吨的二氧化碳，加速全球变暖。
可能还有一些其他的“反馈机制”。更高的温度将加速浓缩，增加阴暗度。这实际上可能抑制全球变暖。其他的“反馈机制”，像“反射”效应，将会起到相反的作用。“反射”效应指的是地球表面反射的太阳能量。随着北极冰雪的融化，更深的海洋和陆地显现出来，吸收更多的热量，导致全球温度上升。
即使我们明天就可以神奇地停止排放所有温室气体，温室气体对全球气候的影响仍然会持续几十年。延误只会使问题变得更糟。事实上，我们中的一些人按事情固有的方式做得非常好。在一些发达国家，繁荣建立在150年来使用廉价矿物燃料之上。
物质的进步与能源的消耗联系在一起了。如今25%的人消耗了世界上75%的能源。在富裕国家，平均每人每年向大气释放约3.2吨二氧化碳，是第三世界国家每个公民的4倍多。美国只有全球7%的人口，但是它应该为全球变暖承担22%的责任。
1.【正确答案】B
【考点类型】细节推断
【解析过程】“反馈机制”在第1段最有可能指的是 。
A. 植物和动物是如何适应隐性因素的
B. 植物和动物如何适应不断改变的气候的
C. 气候如何变化
D. 气候地带是如何变化的
线索：文章的第1段提到“plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries.”表明正确答案为B。选项C和选项D在文章的第1段提到了，但和反馈机制无任何关系。只是说明植物和动物适应气候的一个因素。
2.【正确答案】D
【考点类型】细节判断
【解析过程】James Hansen 预测气温带的改变将会伴随 。
A. 许多树木的减少B. 令人渴望的环境变化
C. 物种的成功移动D. 不成功的树木迁移
线索：文章的第1段提到“Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die.”表明选项D是正确答案。选项A和本题干没有直接的关联。
3.【正确答案】A
【考点类型】细节推断
【解析过程】根据本文章，我们可知 。
A. 一些反馈机制也许会减缓全球变暖
B. 全球变暖的基本事实仍然不为人所知
C. 发展中国家可以从便宜的化石燃料获得利益
D. 发达国家已经决定减少他们的能源消耗
线索：文章的第2段提到“There are dozens of other possible.”“feedback mechanisms.” “Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness，which may actually damp down global warming.”表明选项A是正确答案。选项B在原文中没有提到。选项C的内容和原文的内容不符合：“In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.”原文是发达国家。选项D在文章中没有提到。
4.【正确答案】B
【考点类型】细节推断
【解析过程】从文中我们可以推知： 。
A. 发展中国家已经决定增加它的能源消耗
B. 一个第三世界的居民每年向大气层增加的二氧化碳少于一吨
C. 如果我们停止温室气体的排放，世界气候很快就会获得它的平衡
D. 全世界将来的繁荣依靠便宜的矿物燃料
线索：文章的第4段提到“The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2 yearly to the atmosphere，more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen.”表明选项B是正确答案。选项C和原文的内容第3段“Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse-gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse.”不符合。选项D在文章中没有提到。
5.【正确答案】C
【考点类型】主旨判断
【解析过程】下面哪句是文章的主题?
A. 物质发展和能源消耗B. 繁荣和廉价矿物燃料
C. 全球变暖对气候的影响D. 气候不断改变下的植物和动物
综观整篇文章，选项B肯定不会是正确答案。选项A和文章的主题“反馈机制”也根本不符合。选项D只是在文章的第1段提到了，它也只是一个事例。所以选项C是正确答案。
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