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即兴演讲技巧英语
在英语演讲时我们一般着重与听众阐明我们的观点。而往往就忽略了其实还需要提出常识考虑下的一些不同观点,以加深听众对我们见解的认同和印象。今天我们就一起来看一下在提出异议,以验证自己的观点时可能经常需要用到哪些英语短语表达。以下是小编给大家整理的即兴演讲技巧英语,欢迎阅读!
英语即兴演讲技巧
1、我们演讲当中需要与听众叙述某种主要现象的,那么可以考虑提出一些其他次要现象,并说明为何它们会排在次要位置,以此来突出、强调咱们主要内容的作用:
-You may have noticed that there are other factors that may have contributed to this trend... 你们可能还看出来了,这种情况趋势其实可能还要有其他作用因素在起作用。 -As many of you have already probably guessed, there are other ways to look at this problem... 你们在座的,许多人可能都猜想到了,考虑这个问题其实还有其他可能的观点。
-I cant deny that there are also at least three other things to consider besides the main point Ive just outlined...
-Other related factors to ponder would include...
其他相关的一些需要考虑的因素还包括。
2、演讲内容是有关某“concept or (想法或是理念)的,那么我们可以选择把相对应的一些正反双面因素提出来,并列在一起谈,而后再指出我们的见解。比如在谈到婚恋概念时(concepts about marriage and love),我们希望强调婚前同居的利害对比(comparison and contrast between the pros and cons about cohabitation),可以将两方相关因素作个直接比较: -Many of you may think that cohabitation is good because itll allow you to practice marriage before you sign the papers, but Im here to tell you...
你们许多人可能觉得同居有好处是因为这可以让你在领结婚证之前先演练一下婚姻生活,但我今天要告诉你们的是。
-You may think that this is less than beneficial, but it could very well be the opposite... 你们可能觉得这事并不十分有利,但我将与你指出,事实可能恰恰相反。
-When you look at...you think...and Im here to point out to you that you can succeed better by... 当你想到有关。你会觉得。然后我今天就是要与你指出,其实你可以更好的拿下成功。
-Pros, on one hand you have...cons, on the other hand, youre worried that...
有利方面,一方面你有。有害方面,另一方面你又有所顾虑。
演讲比赛优胜选手是如何学习英语(HOT重要)
自从1996年第一届“21世纪杯”英语演讲比赛举办以来,南京大学英文专业的学生几乎每一届都参加,他们还参加了“外研社杯”英语辩论比赛、“CCTV杯”英语演讲比赛和其它一些全省或全国性的英语比赛,并在这些比赛中取得过一些较好的成绩。这些选手在参赛前两三个月开始,经过班、年级、系的层层选拔,经过反复练习和老师的点评辅导,这一过程与其它学校没有什么不同的地方。同时,比赛成绩受各种因素影响,无论是对英语语言的掌握,还是演讲稿的准备,南京大学的学生都没有什么特别的优势,作为辅导老师,我们也谈不上有什么经验和体会。然而,在与这些学生的接触中,特别引起我们注意的是他们学习英语的方式和对待英语学习的态度,了解和研究他们的这些学习方式和学习态度,不仅可以帮助我们挑选出有潜力的学生去参加比赛,而且可以帮助我们提高和改进英语教学,推广正确的学习策略和学习方法,使其他学生的英语学习更加有效。
“成功学习者研究”(good learner studies),即研究第二语言学习成功者的学习方式,一直是西方二语习得研究的一个重要课题,在我国也一直有人从事这样的研究,该研究的出发点直截了当:一旦找到成功者的好方法,好策略,推而广之,就可以从整体上提高外语教学的水平。“21世纪杯”者了,但是对这类“最成功者” 我校有位2004”杯”英语演讲比赛中分别取得过较好的成绩。在撰写学士论文的时候,她用e-mail与留学生和外籍教师交朋友等,filmoholic(电影迷)。
这些英语学习的“最成功者”意识到通过观看电影可以学到地道的英语,对他们来说,观看电影和电视剧的主要目的已经不是欣赏剧情,而是欣赏语言,模仿语言和学习语言。他们买VCD、DVD,从网上下载电影,有的同学说自己收集了一两百部电影的碟子,并且在选购光碟时还刻意挑选那些没有中文字幕的。对自己喜欢的电影,他们可以看上五六遍,七八遍,甚至晚上睡下了还爬起来看,以至于滚瓜烂熟地背诵了整部电影的对话,包括句子的发音和语调。他们整句整句的记下来,有的同学说,自己只要一说英语,那些电影人物的语句可以脱口而出,别人听起来还觉得是自己的英语自然流利。
看电影仅仅是学习英语的方法之一,我校演讲比赛的参赛选手也谈到过其它的一些方法。譬如,不少同学都谈到自己原来与其他同学并没有两样,对英语也没有多大的兴趣,但是在中学里被老师捉住了背书,有的同学被规定要背完《新概念英语》第二册的每一篇课文,特别是规定背书时的语音语调必须与课本的录音磁带一模一样。很多同学说这一段经历开始时“苦不堪言”,但是如果当时老老实实地刻苦背了书,模仿了磁带,一旦“熬过了关”,英语就容易学了;当时艰苦的学习使自己终身受益。
这些学生学习的方法和经验对于我们英语教师来说是很有启发性的。
第一,英语学习成功者所使用的、他们发现行之有效的学习方法往往被忽视,相反,现行的课堂教学往往鼓励一些对提高语言掌握水平来说少、慢、差、费的学习方法。
看电影也好,背课文、听磁带也好,英语学习成功者关注语句、语音语调的模仿,关注掌握和记忆完整的语块(即习语、短语、短句等出现频率高,形式、意义较为固定的多词组合),关注特定语块的功能及其出现的语境。无论是模仿,还是背诵,都不需要学习者特别
去关注如何分析一个语块的语法结构。例如,英语里Long time no see(好久不见),它的内部结构如何并不重要,它所包含的各个单词的意义也并不重要,重要的是要掌握整个语块的意义和使用该语块的语境,能够在老朋友久别重逢的时候使用它。在语言的实际应用中,我们同样是关注语块的功能和语境,不需要关注语法,我们说话写文章一般都不需要借助语法来构建语句,这就是为什么我们大多数中国人对汉语的语法仅知其皮毛,为什么英美国家的人对英语语法的了解往往还不如我们英文专业的学生了解得多。从事对外汉语教学的老师都知道,只有留学生才会注意到汉语口语中的“吃食堂”、“一匹马骑两个人”在语法上不易分析,而对绝大多数中国人来说,我们从小到大,从来没有必要对“吃食堂”作语法分析,也就从来不会分析它,但是语法知识上的缺失却从来也不会影响我们理解和使用这一语块的能力。演讲比赛优胜选手在学习中大下功夫的正是这种理解和使用语块的能力,而不是语法分析的能力。
反复听,反复读,反复模仿,这样的一条“成功之路”已经在国外第二语言教学界受到注意,所谓的shadowing(映像)教学法要求学习外语的学生对一小段录音一遍遍地听、念、用,一直到完全掌握其中的语块,象是工艺美术中表现一个图案或字块立体感的阴影区一样,与原来的图案或字块在形状上一模一样。
与注重语块学习的方法相反,我们日常英语教学中占据重要地位的精读课在课堂内强调的经常是句子结构的分析和单词的掌握,抠语法,背单词,忽视了语块和搭配,这在无形中误导了学生,给了他们“练。
而注重语法和单词的学习看起来是一条捷径效率低下的外语学习方法。它的弊病就显露出来了。首先,运用语法和单词构建语句速度太慢,流利度不易提高。其次,自己构建的句子不地道,即使不是“中式英语”,英美人听起来也经常觉得怪里怪气的。譬如,It’s five to eleven和It’s five prior to eleven反了英语口语的韵律,这是造成英语口语和书面语不地道的另一个原因。最后,注重语法和单词的教学养成了学生不注意模仿、不注意“从听中学”或“从读中学”的坏习惯,以至于离开老师、离开学校,自己就没法学习,英语水平多年徘徊,不得进步。
与此相反,注重模仿,注重语块,这样的方法在开始阶段较为费力,但长远看来,它的长处正好是能够克服传统学习方法的弊端。首先,通过模仿学到的是完整的语块,使用时不必临时组装,因而有利于提高口语流利度。其次,模仿来的语块是地道的英语,有助于学习者克服“中式英语”的影响。再其次,由于注重模仿,学习者对英语口语的韵律和节奏有较好的悟性,有助于他们学会在口语和写作中使用地道的英语。最后,长期的模仿和语块学习培养了学生对语块的兴趣和敏感性,养成 “从听中学”和“从读中学”的好习惯,可以自觉地学习,不需要依赖老师来提高自己的英语水平。英语的习语、短语、成语等语块,成千上万。本科阶段四年里上的课充其量也只能学习其中很小的一部分,依赖老师的讲课和课本的解释,就永远只能停留在这很小的一部分上,而依靠自己反复的观察、体会、模仿和试用才能不断积累,不断进步。这一点对于英语有一定基础、但仍需继续提高的学习者来说尤为重要。“熟读唐诗三百首,不会作诗也会吟”,说的是学写旧体诗,但学习对外语也同样适用。 第二,从理论方面看,演讲比赛的优胜选手通过看电影、听磁带学习英语语块的经验印证了语言两重性的观点。
语言学,特别是语料库语言学的迅速发展告诉人们:在日常生活中,人们大量使用已有的固定语块,只有遇到障碍时才会去选择合适的语法和词汇构建句子,而一旦构建完毕又会回到语块的选用上。即便是可作结构分析的语块,在实际使用中通常没有必要也没有时间去作这种分析。这一研究成果改变了大家对语言的看法。传统的语言观林林总总,基本上是把语言知识看作一个以语法为中心,括了语音和语义的独立整体。这是一点论的观点。可是语块普遍运用的现象使越来越多的人们接受了两点论的观点:语言具有双重属性,既有可分析性(analyticity),又有程式性(formulaicity)。一方面,它是一个以语法为基础的、可分析的、相对封闭的系统,这是传统的语言观所已经阐述了的。另一方面,它又是一个以记忆为基础的、程式化(即语块化)的、相对开放的系统,这是传统的语言观所忽视的。“相对封闭”指的是语言由数量有限的语法规则组织成了一个独立的系统,这是语言学家经常描述的系统。“相对开放”指的是语言服务于社会交往,从属于社会交往,组成语言的语块数量无限,而每一个语块又在社会交往的特定语境中执行它的功能,例如,Long time no see(好久不见)的语块就限定在老朋友久别重逢的语境里使用。
语言双重性的观点反过来帮助人们重新审视第二语言习得和外语学习:二语学习者不仅应当认真学会运用语法,而且还应当学会运用操母语者在不同语境中使用的语块。不少学者还提出了学习语块比学习语法更重要;语言知识在相当程度上是语块的知识,而语法是第二。
第三,“以学习者为中心”的课堂也仍实际上,长期的模仿和背诵使这些学生在英语的很多方面都超过了他们的老师。他们自己也意识到这一点,不再盲从老师,有的还在背后议论老师课堂上使用英语时出现的错误。这样的议论其实是正常的,演讲比赛优胜选手中不少人在中学阶段英语就达到了相当的水平,进入大学后在有些方面经常感到吃不饱,因而有的在背后发牢骚,认为在学校浪费了很多时间,有的则混日子,没有对自己提出更高的要求。这些现象一方面反映了部分高校外语教学中存在的问题,但另一方面也说明只要学生有足够的学习动力和兴趣,有正确有效的学习方法,又有较好的音像设备,就完全可以有真正的“以学习者为中心”的教学,学生也可以取得相当可观的进步,可以超过自己的老师。
假如这里的讨论也可以算作是“成功学习者研究”的话,那么这样的“成功学习者研究”对于我国广大的英语教师来说无疑是重要的福音。同我国的经济发展一样,英语教学的发展也是极不平衡的,很多地区很多学校都缺乏英语教师,特别是缺乏高水平的英语教师,聘请外籍教师所能够起的作用也同样是有限的。演讲比赛优胜选手自觉学习、超过老师的成功经验告诉我们:即使在这样的地区和学校,英语教学仍旧是可以搞好的。实际上,在最近几年全国性的英语演讲和辩论比赛中,来自西部高校,甚至来自这些高校非英语专业的选手也取得了可喜的成绩。南京大学的学生的确取得过一些好的名次,但是现在却面临着越来越大的挑战。
第四,演讲比赛优胜选手在英语的很多方面超过老师的事实并不说明老师的作用是无关紧要的,而实际上是向我们老师提出了更高的要求。作为老师,我们的确应该努力提高自己的英语水平,跟上社会发展的步伐和适应学生对我们的要求,可是英语水平又仅仅是当好老师的条件之一。从英语学习成功者身上,我们看到,要当好老师,更重要是要善于激发学生学习英语、模仿英语的兴趣,不断增强他们的学习动力。
南京大学的一些演讲比赛优胜选手一方面清楚地知道他们的英语超过了他们的很多老师,但另一方面又对中学时期那些捉住他们背书、模仿磁带的启蒙老师充满了尊敬,把这些老师看作是他们英语学习的引路人。有的同学还能回忆起当年学习的情景,回忆起遇到困难时老师是如何鼓励他先从《新概念英语》第二册里自己感兴趣的课文学起的。儿童学大人说话、学地方方言一般不需要花费多少力气,但是对于成年的大学生来说,模仿英语语句和语调至少在开始阶段往往会遇到很大的困难,而在这种情况下老师的鼓励和帮助是必不可少的。例如,在影视课上,老师可以引导学生关注和模仿语句,注意其使用的语境。在听力和口语课上,老师可以根据学生的程度选择合适的材料,可以把学生感到困难的长句分解成较易掌握的短小的语块,也可以指出学生模仿时应该注意的问题。与此同时,老师可以鼓励学生把听到的和读到的语句用到自己的口语和写作中去,学以致用,让学生从中受益,就可以增强他们的兴趣,提高他们学习英语的积极性和主动性。
英语演讲比赛即兴演讲比赛环节模板
美国公共演讲专家理查德为我们归纳了一个即兴演讲的“精选结构模式”,比较实用。他劝演讲者以这样四句话作为提示信号:
喂,请注意!(一开头就以“耸人听闻”的悬念激起听众的注意)
为什么要费口舌?(以警醒的议论“勾”住听众的感知兴趣)
举出典型的例子。(形象化地将自己的观点印入听众的脑海)
怎么办?(说明应该怎么做,满足听众的诠释期待)
The impromptu speech is unexpected and thus delivered without preparation. Some impromptu speeches are special occasion or courtesy speeches such as welcomes, Introductions and acknowledgments。.As this style of speech usually takes you by surprise, it is important to think clearly, analyze the situation quickly and speak briefly and to the point. As you talk, use the Clearly indicate the reason for the speech
Say why it is important to the organization or audience废话)
Conclude with some of the characteristics of receiving the recognition.
P stands for main point (第一步先明确观点,你同意还是不同意,支持是否;典型句型有:I dont agree with the topic (重复题目)比如2006年清华大学曹峰的即兴演讲就是这样开始的)
R stands for the reason (推理自己观点的正确性,环环相扣)
E stands for the example (举例,举例是要求具体实例,不能假如问句,即使有问句,也是修辞的需要;你的例子必须通俗易懂,里面不能有生词,如果有,要解释这个生词,然后再继续你的例子)
P stands for restating the main point (首尾呼应,重新阐述自己的观点)
A speaker following this formula would start with the main point and then state the reason for
State the reason clearly. Follow with an example to illustrate the main point, to draw the picture and involve the audience.
experience common to the group.
(你在论证环节中的例子必须让观众听懂,不能有生词;如果有引用页要采取下列模板: Benjamin Franklin人名+ American inventor and politician人的背景+once said)
Alternatively, you may use statistics or a relevant quotation. Conclude by restating the main point in different words.
formula, both speaker and audience reach the main point quickly.
21世纪杯英语演讲比赛即兴演讲遵循的原则 Host: Last February, Chun Shu, a Chinese writer in her early twenties, appeared on the cover of Time magazine. She was referred to by the U.S. Editor as "... one of a group of post-eighties writers in China." Which also includes Guo Jingming, Zhang Yueran and Han Ham All these writers recount their personal feelings and express their individuality in their works, and they have a large group of readers and supporters. However, there is some concern that the cynical attitude towards life that they express might have a negative effect on young readers. Do you also fear it will have such negative effects? Thanks.
Thank you for your question.Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.
My topic of todays speech is "Make our Voice Heard." Today I would like to argue in two park. First, I would like to argue why people are afraid that literatures will set a negative effect on our lives. And second part I will share some of my thoughts with you. 开宗明义。演讲人首先明确的告知听众演讲的主题,使用brief introduction sentence to get attention。在临场的匆忙之中仍然想出来一个很好的题目Make Our Voice Heard,并且将自己的论述分为两部分,有条不紊,令人感叹。
Why those people are afraid of these kind of literature? that they are afraid of that teenagers are liked to imitate others. And teenager is point for us to shape our my family, and even the
文中cover the main pointsIm afraid of that…,that… 材料,很有说服力。
But I would like to share of thoughts with you. Before I read the book of Mr. Guo violence, murder, and rebellion. But that book was regarded as one of the masterpiece in American history and awarded the Pulitzer Prize. I could not see any difference between Mr. Guo Jingmings novel and The Cateber in the Rye, because they expressed the attitude as our teenagers and adolescents we feel about the world.
Now let me give you my three reasons, why we can read this kind of a book and f am not afraid of tile fears of the side effect. First, those literatures are not all bad. They have some positive points. They advocate friendship, love, loyalty, and so on. One of my roommates even cried after reading those books, He said that it is the first.., it was the first time in his life that he felt that a friendship was that precious, because the stories depicted in his novel, reflect him of the old times he spent in his high school. And he bought four books of Mr. Guo Jingmings Never Flowers in Never Dream (Meng Li Hua Luo Zhi Duo Shao) and sent them to his friends. And his friends wrote a long letter to him. I think this is what we lack today, the communication between friends. But the literature seems to bridge the gap.
本段从三个方面指出此类作品不会产生负面影响的原因。首先指出第一个作品本身亦有其可取之处。并以其宦友的亲身经历为例作出了令人信服的论证。这样就使演讲personalized,
so that audience can relate more easily to personal topics—they probably have similar experiences.
And the second reason is that we are not living in a world where everything is depicted as good. We are living in a world of good and evil, evil and holy. So, to that extent, if I am confined in a world where everything is depicted as good, I will feel quite perplexed when I am facing the real world. Does the real world really resemble what I read in the novel? We need something positive, also we need something cynical.
And the third reason is that our generation, I believe, have the sense of self-discipline. We can make our own decision. For our parents, for our families and for the government, they should resume, assume the responsibility to remind us that what is good, what is bad, what is cynical Make our voice be heard. This is my answer and I am not afraid of tile side effects of those literature.
Thank you very much. 本段谈论演讲人的第二个观点:世界亦非完美无暇,文学就应该反应真实的世界。
最后一点原因:当代年轻人可以自律。至此就分别从文学作品、社会、个人三个方面透彻地阐释了演讲人的观点。也正是通过从不同角度的分析,使听众接受演讲人的观点。这一段中也出现了较为明显的问题。
Host: And, the topic for your speech will be... In spite of the fact that there is cutthroat competition within the film industry in China, there continues to be a steep increase in the number of applicants for places at Chinese art institutes. According to a Beiiing-based newspaper, more than ten thousand applicants waited in line on a single day to register to apply for the Beijing Film Academy. How do you perceive this struggle for stardom?
Thank you for the difficult question.
But in the city where I come as cutthroat as the one in Beijing here
开场白中difficult的使用充分显示了演讲人的机智。因为这与普通的接题方式Thank you for the question劣势,但她却巧妙的地使用but转而谈到香港的情况;also的使用使演讲的主题不变。同时听众理解到演讲者要从另外一个角度解释同一个问题。这种角度的变换使演讲者的劣势变成了优势。听众既为其率真而打动,又为其智慧而折服。And theres this little five year old boy, and he has won five consecutive championships, and then, of course, there were interviews and the news coverage, and everything. And when the general public read the newspaper. They frown at it. They said, "what a silly idea, to think about becoming a star." And when Andy Lau -- Im sure all of you blow him, tile famous singer and actor -- when he read the newspaper, he said, "Wow, thats great! But ask the boy to work hard. Its not easy."
这里演讲人以演唱比赛为切人点,以小男孩的参舞,点出了香港人对当明星十分热衷。以此呼应主持人提问。并且演讲人Support points with specifics.以典型的例子支持论点。明星刘德华在内 地有很高的知名度,他的勤奋也是众所周知,以他的话为例,让人十分信服。本段对general public和Andy Lau不同态度的对 比,可以引起听众的思考。对比之中必有抑扬,也让听众对下段演讲人过渡到自己的观点有了思 想上的准备
Ladies and gentlemen, I think if we use the word "struggle", isnt it a bit too negative? I think better word for it is "strive." Being a star is also profession. It is also a job that you need to work hard at. Success does not come easy. Well, if we take a look at famous actors and actresses such as lackie Chart, Chow Yun Fat, Andy Lau, Tony Lun, they are all in their mid-forties, and even fifties. Yet, what do they have in common? When they first became..., when they first started their careers as a star, or as an actor, they were described as "Cinema Poison," meaning nobody would see their films. But did they give up? No, they didnt, they didnt give up. They have been working hard all the way. And now they are famous. All over the world. All over Asia. And are they proud of themselves? Well, I suppose so. But still they work very hard. Look at Andy Lau. Hes still striving for the best all the time. Every year are awards. 本段中演讲人明确地提出了自己的观点。并且在临场仍然明确地区分struggle和strive,显示出演讲人深厚的语言功底。演讲人接着由例子过渡到谈话主题:当明星是一种职业,巧妙地把struggle的主题过渡到strive,进而谈到Being a star is also a profession.把不熟悉的主题struggle过渡到谈明星的成功这个比较熟悉的话题。这种演讲技巧十分重要,因为在短暂的几十秒钟内谈论一个十分陌生的话题,实在有难度,但是这位演讲者的巧妙过渡,既没有跑题,又谈了熟悉的话题,因此这种技巧值得学习。同时,本段列举众多内地观众十分熟悉地明星成名经历作为brief examples,做论据,支持自己的观点,使论据可靠而有力。这两句话Al lover the world.All over Asia
possess if you want to be a star. Of Course be like Andy Lau, like Chow Yun Fat. Theyre all very hard-working.
industry. This genuine interest is very a lot of people are interested in the the money, well, then, I do can be a star. There are people who have a genuine been acting in secondary schools, in college like that. They have a genuine interest. Yet, then go for it.
本段讨论了成为明星的第三个素质:感兴趣[genuine Interest],并且列举了生活中的一些实例[people only interested in money rather than film industry)来论证自己的观点。这样在立论的同时也驳斥了为金钱而当明星的错误观点。有立有废,论证严谨
Ladies and gentlemen, well, I think the competition is also good. When theres a competition, we can ensure the quality. When theres no competition, well, we have to have whatever is given to us. When theres competition, we can pick what we want. Isnt that something good?
Ladies and gentlemen, it is what I think for that struggle for stardom.
Thank you very much.
结论部分是one—sentence review of the points she presented in her talk.由“为当明星而打拼”引申到一般意义上的竞争,既紧扣主题,又加以升华。以一个反问句Isnt it something good?结尾,进一步强化了演讲人的观点。这样的结尾达到了short and to the point的效果。通过Ladies and gentlemen提示听众演讲接近尾声,重提主持人的问题,以告知听众她一直围绕这个主题展开演讲,给听众一个完整的结尾。
本篇是获得第10届“21世纪·外教社杯”全国英语演讲比赛季军的香港选手张阿旭的即兴演讲。演讲充分显示了演讲人的机敏、临场应变能力和扎实的语言功底。通篇逻辑十分的清晰,而且演讲人娓娓道来,丝毫没有演讲的做作,却又极富感染力。在即兴演讲这一部分,本篇演讲人明显高人一筹。据演讲者本人介绍,这与她所在的学校要求学生做很多即兴的presentationn
即兴演讲(impromptu speech),顾名思义,就是指临场的、毫无准备的演讲。在前面所提到的两大比赛中,即兴演讲所占时间为1~3分钟,分值所占比重为30%~40%,在比赛中的地位十分重要。如果参赛选手想要取得优秀的成绩,那么就一定要在该部分取得高分。 即兴演讲对于使用母语演讲的人来说都非常困难,更何况是使用非母语演讲的选手?这部分非常具有挑战性,主要考察选手多方面能力:思维能力、逻辑能力和语言能力。思维能力是指选手在毫无准备的情况下对某一问题的分析能力,对问题理解的深度和宽度等;逻辑能力主要指选手是否有全局观,是否能合理搭筑整个演讲的框架,所阐述观点的层次性是否清晰;而语言能力则是指选手即席用英语进行交流沟通的能力,可检验选手的英语语言熟练度和准确度如何。那么如何应对即兴演讲呢?
在定题演讲部分,我们讨论了衡量一篇演讲好坏的普遍原则。这些原则对所有类型的演讲都适用,即兴演讲也不例外。在做即兴演讲时,也要从以下四个方面着手:内容、结构、语言以及台上演讲风格等。
内容
Is marking western holidays a sign of a traditions sacrificed to commercial interests
If you were one representative of what advice would you give the government?
极强挑战性的原因之一。 便谈论起某一个话题时言之有物,有的放矢;要求演讲者平时养成思考的习惯,多听不同的声音,从不同角度看问题,看问题有想法、有深度。这些都是赛前的准备工作,应多积累、丰富自己的知识内容,强化自己的观点。
那么在比赛当中,又该怎样具体应对呢?
正如前面所讲的,好的内容包括好的主题以及有说服力的材料做支持。在即兴演讲中,更要注意这两点。
1.强有力的材料做支持
正如前面讨论过的那样,论据的类型最基本可分为三种:实例、统计数字以及引用别人的言语。对于即兴演讲来说,现场能够找到恰当的统计数字是非常困难的。因此在即兴演讲时,引用别人的言语和用实例来证明是最常见的两种方式。那么应该选择哪种类型的例子来做论据呢?在比赛现场上进行即兴演讲时,最切实可行的、最容易做到的就是用自己或自己周围发生的例子来说明你的观点,信手拈来,不用绞尽脑汁,演讲起来最自如,最自信;这样做无形之中也强化了自己的可信度,比较容易打动听众。如在“21世纪(爱立信杯”2003年第8届全国英语演讲比赛中获得第二名的南京大学学生王媛在即兴演讲中是这样说的,
"If indeed I had a chance to choose for my life again, I think the time setting I would
choose is in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. That was when the Chinese government began to adopt the policy of reform and openness. And the place setting I would choose is in some places in the western part of China. Why? Let me share with you my reasons. Well, when I firstly saw this, errr, heard this topic, I think it reminded me of an experience a few years ago. I still clearly remember that, uhh, at that time, some fellow students and I went to visit a primary school in a very poor village and we were working as tutors there. There, all the classrooms were in a very old building and many windows and doors were broken, so, when it was raining, all the children had to move to a corner in order not to get wet. Inside the classroom, five to six children were sharing one desk normally shared by two and many of the desks and chairs were broken, too.
And immediately after we began to teach them English, it became very clear to us that many of these students were very diligent and were very willing to work hard. But later on, as we talked among ourselves, we got to know that they, many of them, could not finish their schooling just because of poverty. I think that this experience enabled us to see that we belong to a few group of, a group of few people that are fortunately enough to receive a college education."
这段演讲是她真情实感的流露,表达起来自如,而且自信,也容易和听众进行真正的交流。
(1)演讲的支持材料要切题。
什么主要影响?”但在整个即兴演讲结题的即兴演讲绝不会得高分。
(2)演讲的支持材料要贴近听众。
演讲的支持材料最好是听众熟悉的,贴近听众,不仅有利于听众理解、接受和吸收你的信息,而且容易产生共鸣。笔者作为辅导教师参加过多次的全国英语演讲比赛,在比赛中发现了一个很奇怪的现象。有很多学生举例子或引用别人的话时,往往愿意用国外的例子或国外名人说的话来支持他们的论点。学生也许有些许担心,“如果用土生土长的例子,外国评委可能会不知道,不了解背景,会影响他们对整个演讲的评判。”然而在一次比赛中,一位来自美国的演讲专家在做点评时说到,“不用担心我们会不了解,或听不懂。问题是作为一个外国人,我们在这里希望听到有关你们国家的人、事、思想、文化,而不是我们国家的名人如林肯、克林顿,他们说了什么,干了什么。”他一语道破了问题的关键,演讲者所说的要和你的听众拉近距离,讲一些本地发生的事情,发生的事情对听众产生了什么样的影响,用当地的文化、理念来解释你的观点,这样更容易在听众中产生共鸣。但并不是说就一定不能用国外的例子或观点。要全方位地选择论据,选择恰当的材料为你的观点服务。
在“21世纪(澳门之星杯”2006年第11届全国英语演讲比赛中复旦大学的胡懿在即兴演讲(Should laws be fixed or flexible?)中是这样说的,
"Well, actually, very accidentally this morning, when we were sort of "imprisoned" in that
preparing room, actually we had a fierce debate over law. And now I would like to share some of my thoughts with you on whether we should adopt flexible laws or fixed laws.
Well, first of all, I admit that there are some cases of injustice in our society. For example, last year there was a famous case of Wang Bingyu, which aroused a great controversy in society. Actually Wang Bingyu was a migrant worker, who failed for several times to get his payment from his boss. And obviously that boss treated him very badly. He didnt send him to hospital when he was ill, and he didnt treat him with very good food and also made him make, do extra work without any extra money. And out of a rage, Wang killed several of the, several people in charge, out of a great rage. And that case aroused a great controversy in society. Actually when I read the story, I did show some sympathy for that guy, because I think it was the fault of the boss in the first place. It was him that didnt pay him the payment that he deserved. So I feel sympathetic for him."
她讲述了一个在我国曾经轰动一时的案例,台下的听众可能听说过,也可能不知道这个故事,但这毕竟是发生在听众周围的,贴近听众,这样听众便会很容易理解演讲者所要传达的信息。
在一分钟的即兴演讲中,你用具体的事例来仔细阐述观点的时间可能非常受限。在这一分钟之内,你很可能只给出主要观点的框架,那么要想真正打动听众恐怕要依赖于主题和观点到底如何。
好的主题与观点
一定能经得起推敲和琢磨,是全面的。在比赛过程中处理即兴演讲时:
(1)切题
难胜出。这点在CCTV如在2005年CCTV, “Who should be the focus of investment in sports, the general population or potential Olympic champions?”当时他的回答是不偏不倚的,很显然二者都应该被照顾到,给予资金的扶持。但问题是,在这种情况下,他必须要做出选择,而不能徘徊于两者之间。否则,评委和听众就会怀疑你的态度和出发点,演讲效果自然也就大打折扣。
(2) 观点的严谨性
观点不能偏激,一定要严谨。这里的严谨有以下几层意思。
观点本身能够站得住脚,有充足的材料可以说明论证。
表达观点的语言本身要严谨,准确,尽量避免绝对化的字眼,如 “never, every, all, nothing, nobody“等,这些绝对化判断太容易遭到攻击。
观点需要限制和修饰。要用发展性的眼光来处理你的观点。以上面那个题目来为例,如果既有大量资金扶持运动员又能让普通群众受益,那是最好的,但这是一种理想的画面。现实往往和理想有一段距离,现阶段没有足够的资金平衡二者的利益,答案又是什么呢?你可以有自己的看法和答案,但一定要有充足的论据支持。请注意:刚才我使用了现阶段三个字。这就意味着是用发展的眼光来看到问题,不仅要看到事物的现阶段,也要看到将来发展的方向——也就是期望得到的理想状态,即两类人群都会受益。
承认你的观点有修正和完善的余地。你的观点可能只是你目前认识的一个方面,或者是现阶段你的一种想法,它仍然有完善的余地。
材料的积累
演讲者需要在平时就能深入观察生活、积极参与生活,及时记录生活中的见闻。积极了解日常生活知识、风土人情、地理环境能使选手在短暂的准备时间内从脑海中找到生动的例证和恰当的词汇,使即兴演讲增添魅力。
思想方面的积累
通常当演讲题目是演讲者感兴趣或者熟悉的话题时,演讲者一般不会感到困难,大都能较好地扣题展开,而且讲得有声有色。可是如果演讲者从未涉及过此类话题,突然让他们发表2分钟演讲,他们往往觉得无话可说。因此,在平时的训练中,演讲者的演讲话题必须涉及到各个领域。道格拉斯·费班克曾在《美国杂志》上发表一篇文章,叙述一种益智游戏,他和查理·卓别林,玛丽·皮克福几乎每晚都玩,共玩了两年。这种游戏就是演说术里最困难的一种练习方式,站着思考,每人各在一张小纸条上写下一个题目,并立刻站起来就那个题目说上六十秒钟,同一题目不能重复。从他们开始玩这个游戏以来,三人都机敏了许多。对于各式各样的题目他们也有更多的了解。比这更为有用的是,他们都学会了在瞬间里能就任何题目即时凝聚自己的知识和思想。演讲者很有必要使用这种方法经常练习,这不仅能够扩展自己的思维,而且能养成平时深入思考的习惯,对于演讲者大有裨益。
中国有句古语:“熟读唐诗三百首,不会吟诗也会吟。”这充分说明了先有输入,才可能输出。即兴演讲虽然是即兴而发,却与平时的积累息息相关。
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