高考英语阅读:主旨大意题的解题技巧

时间：2023-05-24 17:34:29 赛赛综合英语我要投稿

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高考英语阅读:主旨大意题的解题技巧

　　主旨类阅读理解是高中阶段的一大难点，在掌握方法的同时需要反复的练习。以下是小编整理的高考英语阅读:主旨大意题的解题技巧，希望对大家有所帮助。

高考英语阅读:主旨大意题的解题技巧

　　一、主旨大意题的命题形式

　　主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，亦即考查考生的归纳概括能力。这类试题包括要求考生选出短文的标题(title， headline)、短文或段落的主题(subject)、中心思想(main idea)、作者的写作目的(purpose或为传递信息、或为愉悦读者、或为阐述某一道理)等。这类题的设问方式主要有：

　　(1)The subject of the passage/paragraph is ______.

　　(2)The main idea of the passage/paragraph is______.

　　(3)The text is mainly about ______.

　　(4)The passage mainly centers on ______.

　　(5)The passage mainly tells about ______.

　　(6)What is the subject discussed in the text?

　　(7)What is the main idea of this passage?

　　(8)What is the passage mainly about?

　　(9)What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

　　(10)What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?

　　(11)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

　　(12)Which title best gives the idea of the passage?

　　(13)What would be the best title for the text?

　　(14)What might be the most suitable title for the passage?

　　(15)The best headlines for this newspaper article would be______

　　(16)The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about ______.

　　(17)The writers purpose in writing this story is ______.

　　(18)What is the authors main purpose?

　　(19)What does the writer really want to tell us in this passage?

　　(20)The writer wrote the story in order to______.

　　(21)What is the advice given in the text / passage / article?

　　二、寻找主题句的方法

　　正确的解答这类题目的关键是准确地找出文章的主题句。一般来说，一篇文章常常会围绕着一个中心思想或一个主要话题展开，而这个话题又常常通过一个能比较全面地覆盖或概括文章意思的句子，即所谓的“主题句”来体现。那么，主题句通常在哪里呢?(1)主题句在文首；

　　(2)主题句在文中；

　　(3)主题句在文末；

　　(4)主题句以首尾呼应的形式出现在文首和文末。

　　1. 主题句在文首

　　这类文章写法上的特点是：文章的第一句起着点题的作用，概括了文章的主要内容或信息，下文接着对主题句所涉及的话题进行具体的阐述。如：(全国高考题)

　　A JINTAN, JIANGSU: The 20 students — 18 boys and 2 girls —had a thousand reasons to beproud of themselves. They had just climbed their way to the top rung(阶梯)out of 4 millionstudents taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest (竞赛)onTuesday evening.

　　The 20 gold medal winners are all primary and middle school students under the age of 14.

　　"Many of the problems are of college level and these pupils can figure them out. It is justunbelievable!" said a teacher from Guangdong province.

　　Named after Chinas most famous mathematician, Hua Luogeng, the contest started in 1986,one year after his death. In less than 10 years, it has been recognized by the State EducationCommission(国家教委) as the countrys biggest and best contest of its kind.

　　This news story is mainly about ______.

　　A. when the contest started

　　B. how the contest got its name

　　C. the 20 pupils who have won gold medals in the contest

　　D. the 5th National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest

　　【分析】这是一篇报道，文章的第一段只有两句话：“20个学生(2女18男)有充分的理由为自己感到自豪，因为他们夺得了第五届华罗庚杯数学竞赛的金奖，是4百万参赛学生中的佼佼者”，下文接着对竞赛的有关情况进行报道，因此，第一段实际上就是这篇报道的主题句。A、B、C分别只包含了报道的部分信息，显然不合题意；D选项与主题句的意思完全一致，因此是正确答案。

　　2. 主题句在文中

　　这类文章写法上的特点是：开始部分是引题，接着是点题，最后是对主题进行叙述，主题句常常起着承上启下的作用。如：(全国高考题)

　　Fat on human beings is distributed in different ways.Some fat people have a large stomach and nowaistline—which makes them look round, rather likeapples. Others are fatter below the waist, whichmakes them appear pear-shaped.

　　There are two types of fat: external fat (fat underthe skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining therelationship between health and fatness, have found that the pears have less internal fat, butthe apples have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the healthproblems.

　　The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems thatdieting (节食) simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shapedperson into a smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internalrather than external fat.

　　The text is mainly about ______.

　　A. fatness and health B. ways to lose weigh

　　C. peoples figures D. distribution of fat

　　【分析】该文的第一段交代了脂肪在体内的分布状况；第二段交代了脂肪的种类及不同种类的脂肪与健康之间的关系；第三段讲的是减肥应该减掉哪一类脂肪以及节食存在的问题。很明显，第二段，特别是第二段的第二句，起着承上启下的作用，是该文的主题句。A选项符合主题句的意思，应该是正确答案；B选项与文章的意思无关；可以排除；C、D选项分别只与文章的部分信息有关，也可以排除。

　　3. 主题句在文末

　　这种写法的特点是：在叙述完某件事情或某个话题之后，用一句话交代事情的结果或对前面的叙述进行归纳。如：(广东高考题)

　　In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a bookdescribing a trip to the moon. When the explorers(探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered thatthe moon was full of underground cities. Theyexpressed their surprise to the "moon people" theymet. In turn, the "moon people"expressed theirsurprise. "Why," they asked, "are you traveling toouter space when you dont even use your inner space?"

　　H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on themoon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. How ever, thequestion that the "moon people" asked is still an interesting one. A growing number ofscientists are seriously thinking about it.

　　Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In somecities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. TheChunnel", a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.

　　But what about underground cities? Japans Taisei Corporation is designing a network ofunderground system, called "Alice Cities." The designers imagine using surface space for publicparks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome(太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city.

　　Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is agood way to use the earths space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks,gardens, and wilderness. H.G. Wells "moon people" would agree. Would you?

　　What would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Alice Cities—cities of the future B. Space travel with H.G. Wells

　　C. Enjoy living underground D. Building down, not up

　　【分析】文章以月球人的问题Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use yourinner space? 引起话题，接着讲叙了人类目前对地下空间的利用现状，结尾以地下空间开发的支持者的话点题building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space。A选项只是本文话题的部分意思，不是主要话题；B选项与文章的意思无关；文章主要是讲地下空间的开发利用，而不是讲如何享受地下生活，因此C选项与文章的主题也无关；D选项符合文章的主要内容，与主题句的意思一致，因此，是该题的正确答案。

　　4. 主题句以首尾呼应的形式出现在文首和文末

　　这种写法的特点是：文章一开始就点题，接着举例，最后回归主题。如：(全国高考题)

　　Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten bysnakes. "It was seeing people with snake bites thatled me to this career," he said.

　　In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered amedical school and later became a doctor of Chinesemedicine. As part of his studies he had to work inthe mountains. There he often heard of people whohad their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.

　　"I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The oldman was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized hehad been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm tostop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted Bring me the knife! Minuteslater the man lost his arm forever."

　　"The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bittenby snakes,"Shu said.

　　The best headline for this newspaper article is ______.

　　A. Astonishing Medicine B. Farmer Loses Arms

　　C. Dangerous Bites D. Snake Doctor

　　【分析】文章的第一段就两句话，第一句点题，第二交代了Shu Pulong成为蛇医的原因；第二、第三段举例说明Shu Pulong如何了解到农民被蛇咬的情况；第四段回归主题，强调是由于第二、第三段中所交代的事例促使Shu Pulong决心成为蛇医。题目的A选项与文章中的信息无关；B、C两个选项只涉及到文章所举的例子的某个方面；D选项能涵盖首位两个自然段，即主题句，的信息，因此是正确答案。

　　5. 文章中没有明显的主题句

　　有的文章没有明显的主题句，如果在阅读这类文章的时候碰到判断文章的主题、话题、中心思想之类的题目，我们的注意力主要放在两个方面：

　　1. 文章的主要内容；

　　2. 选项之间的区别。也就是说能涵盖文章的全部或主要内容的选项才是正确答案。如：(全国高考题)

　　James Cleveland Owens was the son of a farmer andthe grandson of black slaves. His family moved toCleveland when he was 9. There, a school teacherasked the youth his name.

　　"J.C.", he replied.

　　She thought he had said "Jesse", and he had a new name.

　　Owens ran his first race at age 13. After high school, he went to Ohio State University. He hadto work part time so as to pay for his education. As a second-year student, in the Big Tengames in 1935, he set even more records than he would in the Olympic Games a year later.

　　A week before the Big Ten meet, Owens accidentally fell down a flight of stairs. His back hurtso much that he could not exercise all week, and he had to be helped in and out of the car thatdrove him to the meet. He refused to listen to the suggestions that he give up and said hewould try, event by event. He did try, and the results are in the record book.

　　The stage was set for Owens victory at the Olympic Games in Berlin the next year, and hissuccess would come to be regarded as not only athletic(体育的)but also political. Hitler did notcongratulate any of the African-American winners.

　　"It was all right with me," he said years later. "I didnt go to Berlin to shake hands with him,anyway."

　　Having returned from Berlin. He received no telephone call from the president of his owncountry, either. In fact, he was not honored by the United States until 1976, four years beforehis death.

　　Owens Olympic victories made little difference to him. He earned his living by looking after aschool playground, and accepted money to race against cars, trucks, motorcycles, and dogs.

　　"Sure, it bothered (烦扰)me," he said later. "But at least it was an honest living. I had to eat."

　　In time, however, his gold medals (奖牌) changed his life. "They have kept me alive over theyears," he once said. "Time has stood still for me. That golden moment dies hard."

　　Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

　　A. Jesse Owens, a Great American Athlete

　　B. Golden Moment — a Life-time Struggle

　　C. Making a Living as a Sportsman

　　D. How to Be a Successful Athlete?

　　【分析】这篇文章简明扼要地介绍了奥林匹克金牌得主，美国黑人运动员James Cleveland Owens辉煌而又坎坷的人生，但文章侧重介绍的是他人生的坎坷，而不是他人生的辉煌。B选项侧重的是他人生的辉煌，而不是他人生的坎坷，不能涵盖文章的主要意思，因而不合题意；C、D选项与文章的内容无关，也不合题意；James Cleveland Owens在获得奥林匹克金牌后虽然没有立即得到美国社会的重视，但获得金牌奠定了他作为一名伟大的运动员在美国田径运动史上的重要地位却是不争的事实，A选项既表达了文章的这一主要意思，也能涵盖他人生辉煌及坎坷的不同侧面，比较全面地反映了文章的主要内容，因而符合题意，是正确答案。

　　以上从五个方面介绍了判断文章主题的主要方法，但要真正掌握并熟练运用这些方法也不是能一蹴而就的事情，还需要在大量的阅读实践中不断思考，总结，得出自己的体会。

　　得高考英语者得天下，离高考还剩几天，趁这段时间赶紧复习下高考英语应试技巧还来得及，希望小编今天推荐的方法对大家有用。顺便在这里预祝将要高考的同学们考试顺利，高考英语六六六。

　　高考英语阅读解题技巧

　　一、主旨大意题

　　主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)也是完全可能的。主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。

　　二、事实细节题

　　顾名思义，事实细节题即指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的试题。事实细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。

　　点击查看：高考英语阅读理解解题技巧

　　三、代词指代题

　　这类题要求考生根据一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义，它主要考查考生在一定语境中对上下文逻辑关系的正确理解。做这类题时，考生不仅要读懂相关句子的句意，理顺相关句子的逻辑关系，而且还要学会合理变通，尤其要学会变通理解其中的同义表达。

　　四、词义猜测题

　　即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起充分重视。猜测生词词义的方法很多，常用的有同义解释法、因果推断法、前后对比法、基本构词法、语境理解法、举例说明法、常识背景法、类属分析法等。

　　五、推理判断题

　　即要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们应严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气等，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。此时应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”(考生)的想法，而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。

　　主旨大意题阅读的解题技巧

　　首先，我们来看一看主旨类阅读理解是怎么设问的，通常有以下几种情况：Whats the main idea of the passage? Whats the best title of the passage? What is mainly discussed in the passage? The theme / purpose of the passage.等

　　第二，不同类型的文章主旨的概括方式不同。

　　说明文，议论文和新闻类文章有相似的概括方式。一般这几类文章第一段为文章的主题段，通过概括主题段的主要内容就可以总结出文章的题目或主旨。所以要特别注意这几类文章的首段。但有的文章会在第一段利用一个或几个问题引入话题，而真正的中心在第二段，或需要通过对每一段的主题句进行概括才能得出。新闻类的文章在概括标题时需要考虑文章的特点，这类文章的题目需要第一眼就引起读者的兴趣，所有它的标题往往有引人注意或吸引人眼球的特点。

　　记叙文一般没有主题段和主题句，所以在概括主旨大意或题目时没有明显的线索。可以用尝试用以下的几种方式概括主旨或标题：

　　1.记叙文是记人叙事的文章，一般都包含六个基本的要素：who, what, when, where, what, why, how,把这几个要素串联起来就是文章的中心。

　　2.还可以把主要段落的段意串联起来，这样就归纳出了文章的中心或题目。

　　3.记叙文有时会围绕着一个人或一个事物展开故事，那么文章中反复提到的人或事物，就是关键词，需要出现在主旨或题目中。反复出现的关键词对应主旨或标题这一点，也适合其它类型的文章。

　　还有一种方法适合于各种类型的文章。同学们可以尝试利用各小题的题干帮助你概括主旨。如果有两个或两个以上的题目中都包含有相同的词汇，那么这应该是文章中重点谈论的问题，是关键词，与主旨有关，应该包含在题目或主旨中。

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