- 相关推荐
职称英语考试综合类语法分析
引导语：为了帮助各位考生更好的备考，下面小编为大家整理精选了职称英语考试综合类语法分析，希望能帮助到大家，谢谢您的阅读。
一、非谓语动词的句法功能：
一个典型的句子共有以下五个基本成分：
主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语
这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理，即非谓语成分时怎么处理。
1.主语：
首先，"to do" 和 "-ing"形式具有名词性，"-ed "不具备名词性。也就是说，"to do" 和 "-ing"可以做主语，例如：
To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.)
Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.
问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别，因此不是语法考试的重点
一般讲，"to do"较具体的行为或状态，"-ing"表示较笼统的概念，如"学习外语对我来说并非易事"一般用"to do"来表达：To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或：It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.)
从应试角度讲，只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了：
It is no use (或good) + ing结构，例如：
It is no use quarreling with her. (和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选to quarrel with her)
There is no + ing 结构，例如：
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否认，在当今世界上，妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。)
There is no joking about this matter. (这事开不得玩笑。)
2.宾语
如上所述，非谓语动词"to do"或"-ing"当主语时，没有特别的语法要求。但是，当宾语时，就有一个用"to do"还是"-ing"的问题。大家还记得这个规定吗?如果忘了，请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第三句型".这是考试的一个重点。在以往的职称考试中，此项一般要占2-3道题目。
关于非谓语动词做宾语补足语的问题，请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第五句型".
3.定语
也就是做名词的修饰语。只要牢记本讲"非谓语动词的时态和语态意义"一节中的内容，就不难理解非谓语动词做定语的问题。非谓语动词做定语，本质上是"定语从句"，例如：
Where is the house built last year?
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那栋房子哪儿去了?)
Do you see the house being built there ?
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看见那边那栋正在建造的房子了吗?)
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那栋房子将是我们的宿舍。)
也就是说，只要把握好"时间状语"和"语态(先行词与动词的关系)"，非谓语动词做定语的考试选项比较容易，出题几率也比较低。
有人可能会问：
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written两个句子中的黑体部分都是做"letter"的定语，为什么一个用主动，另一个用被动语态。一般来说，当动词(write)的行为者就是句子的主语(I)时，用主动语态。因此，这两个句子的内涵是有些区别的。但由于考试形式的局限性，一般不会考这种区别的。
下面把非谓语动词中其他几个重要问题用实例说明一下：
关于"不定式"作后置状语的举例(注意黑体字部分的表达形式)：
1) She was so angry as to be unable to speak. (她气得连话都说不出来了。)
2) I don't know her well enough to ask her for help.(我与她不太熟悉，不便请她帮忙。)
3) She was too angry to say anything.(她气得什么都说不出来了。)
4) I'm only too glad to help you.
注意与例3)的区别：only too与happy, pleased, glad 等词使用时，表示"非常"：我非常愿意帮助你(能帮助你真是太高兴了)。
5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled. (only to…表示意想不到的结果：我们在雨中等了近3个小时，结果被告知约会取消了。)
6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.(公平地说，他最近工作一直非常努力。类似的表达方式还有：
to tell the truth(说实话), to be frank(老实说)，to go without saying (不用说 / 毫无疑问) 等。
关于分词做后置状语的举例 (注意括号中句子的演变过程)：
1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill. (她收到她兄弟发来的一份电子邮件，(邮件上)说她母亲病得很厉害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death. (有些病人会发生严重感染，导致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death.)
3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager. (客人在经理陪同下走进办公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager.)
关于"动词不定式"的补充说明：
1) 前面讲到："动词不定式"的完成式表示过去时，它常在以下句型中出现：
(主语)+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
(主语)+ seem to have (been) done
(主语)+ be likely to have (been) done
当考试时看到这样的句型出现，首先要考虑是否是"动词不定式"的完成式
2) 注意"动词不定式" to与介词to的区别，即：是to + 动词，还是to + 名词或动名词(-ing)。"第二讲五个基本句型"中已经提到：object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介词。
当考试时看到这样的表达方式出现，首先要考虑选择-ing形式(一般不会给纯名词形式)
关于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分词独立主格结构
1)on + ing 形式：一般将介词on + -ing形式理解为"分词"(要有行为主体)而不是"动名词"，意为 "当…时"，"一…就…"，相当于when 或as soon as，例如：
On hearing the news, she burst into tears. (一听到这个消息，她一下子哭了起来。)
错：On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily. (一到北京，就开始下起大雨来了。)
由于句子的主语it并不是arriving的行为主体，该句语法不成立。可以改为：
No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.
2) with (without) + 分词独立主格结构
She fell asleep with the lamp burning. (她开着灯谁着了。)
Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat.(孩子们几乎每天回家时手上脸上都是泥和汗。)
当这样的独立主格结构中的动词为 "be" 动词时，往往省略，例如：
Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his arm. (每天，这位老教师夹着个破包走进教室。= with a poor bag being under his arm)
关于-ing和-ed形容词
当一个动词后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一个形容词，其基本概念还是-ing为主动语态，-ed为被动语态，例如：a sleeping child (一个正在睡觉的孩子)，a wounded soldier (一个受伤的战士) .
一些带有感情色彩的动词，由于人的感情是"被刺激"后产生的，故一般用-ed形式，而外界的刺激物则用-ing形式，例如：I was moved deeply; the film was really moving. (我深受感动;这部电影真是感人。)
the + 形容词(包括-ed形容词)→ 名词(可以是单数，也可以是复数), 例如：
the wounded (伤员)/ the disabled(残疾人)
关于现在分词和动名词
如前所述，现代语法并不强调现在分词和动名词的区别，建议学生"忘掉"动名词，特别是应试。但记住下面的规定：
She regrets ______ idle when (she was) young. (她后悔年轻时无所事事。)
A. to have been
B. her being
C. her having being
D. having been
解题思路：1)regret后一般接ing形式，除非regret to tell / say, 故A不能选;2)当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时，不要再加逻辑主语了，故正确答案为D，比较：Tom insisted on my going with him. (Tom坚持要我和他一起去。)
非谓语动词讲了这么多内容，解题时始终不忘：
1) 分清过去、现在和将来;
2) 分清主动与被动;
3) 动词不定式的完成式表示过去时;
4) 见"for"要用完成式;
5) 否定式not要放在to / -ing / -ed的前面
只要记住以上要点，非谓语动词的解题就不会出大的问题。
二. 动词
从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1) be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词;
2) 及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态; 及物动词后面一定要有宾语;
3) 双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语 + 宾语补足语)结构：比较下面两个句子：
My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。)
第一句是双宾语结构，即 My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4) 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用 + " to ", 如上举例。
请根据上述原则，(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的：
A. She needs to see a doctor.
B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C. Does she need to see a doctor?
D. She needs not see a doctor.
E. She needn't see a doctor.
F. She doesn't need see a doctor.
G. She needs see a doctor.
从语法角度看，A、B、C、E是对的。
5) 助动词：帮助实意动词构成某种结构的词，如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天确实来了;我在办公室见到他的。—— 表示强调)
三. 五个基本句型
根据动词的特性，构成英语中五个基本句型：
1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
2) 主语 + 不及物动词 (+ 其他成分)
3) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
4) 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语
5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时，主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
(一)第一句型：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
1) 系动词一般为be 动词。
注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作"半系动词"用，按行为动词方式变化，起系动词的作用。
试验比较：
—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。—— feel为行为动词)
—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你脸色苍白，感到不舒服?—— look / feel为系动词)
一般来说，动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词，该动词为系动词， 如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
实例：
"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脉搏正常)
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解题思路：normal为形容词，前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态，故A不对; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时，B也不对;D时态错了，故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型： there是引导词，不解释 "那里"; 这是个倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题：
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错：There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问，中国已消灭天花。)
错：It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分证据表明，爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位语从句)
错：It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以： It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主语从句)
【职称英语考试综合类语法分析】相关文章：
职称英语考试综合类通关经验08-14
职称英语考试综合类A级常见词组06-20
综合类C级职称英语考试真题08-26
职称英语备考语法分析08-14